IX. That no bishop or abbot, or any of the clergy, should be at the judgment

of any man's death or dismembering, neither should be any fautor of the judicants in such causes.
Bisbopg JNIorcovcr in the days of this Lanfranc divers ffood bishops of the
of Fni'- o I
ian inTnk","' these out of tlicir churclics, and to restore the married priests again, .imi place insomuch that Walkelm, bishop of Winchester, had placed above their forty canons instead of monks for his part ; but this godly cntcr- litead. pj.J2g ^,.jjg stopped by stout Lanfranc, the Italian Lombard. This lusty prelate sat nineteen years, but at his latter end. he was not so favoured of William Rufus, and died for soitow. Although this Italian Frank being archbishop had little leisure to write, yet some- thing he thought to do to set out his famous learning, and wrote a book against licrcngarius, entitling it " Opus Scintillarum."''' The
(1) Kadmer, W. Malmesb. do pcsfis Pont. — F.d.
(2) See Malmesbury, also Wilkins's Cone. i. .SB."!, 3fi4 ; whence the text is revised. — Ed.
(3) Sec la>t p.ise.— Kd. (I) i. e. of Uie archbishop of Canterbury.— Ed.
USURPATION OF THK POPES. 1 [5
old church of Canterbury he plucked down, and builded u)) ihc "nuam
jjA-yy the Con-
After ^the death of Pope Alexander II., abovementioned, next 'TT)"' unto him followed Hildebrand, sm-named Gregory VII. This Hil- 1073
dcbrand, as he was a sorcerer, so was he the first and principal cause --
of all this perturbation that is now, and hath been since his time, in the church ; by reason that through his example all this ambition, stoutness, and pride, entered first into the church of Rome, and hath ever since continued. P"'or before Hildebrand came to Rome, Hiide- Avorking there his feats, setting up and displacing what bishops he Jj[^"J'' listed, corrupting them yviih pernicious counsel, and setting them ofyuh'e against emperors, under pretence of chastity destroying matrimony, ami'S and under the title of liberty breaking peace, and resisting authority ; j",''^"" before this, I say, the church of Rome Avas in some order, and bishops quietly governed under christian emperors, and also Avcre Ti,e obe- defended by the same ; as IMarcellus, Miltiades, and Sylvester, Avcre djence of subdued and under obedience to Constantine, a.d. 340 ; Siricius to inan'Sent Theodosius, a.d. 388 ; Hilary to Justinian, a.d. 528; Gregory to emperors. Mauritius, A.D. 600 ; Adrian and Leo to Charlemagne, a.d. 801 ; Paschal and Valentine to Ludovicus Pius, a.d. 820 : Sergius 11. unto Lothaire, a.d. 845 ; Benedict III. and John VIII. unto Louis, son of Lothaire, a.d. 856.
Against this obedience and subjection Hildebrand Avas the first who began to spurn, and by his example taught all other bishops to do the like ; insomuch that at length they Avrought and brought to pass that it should be laAvful for a i'ew courtesans and cardinals (contrary to ancient ordinance and statutes decretal) to choose Avhat pope they list, AAdthout any consent of the emperor at all. And Avhereas before it stood in the emperors' gift to give and to grant bishoprics, archbishoprics, benefices, and other ecclesiastical preferments within their own limits, to Avhom they list ; noAv the popes, through much wrestling, Avars, and contention, have extorted all that into their oatu hands, and to their assigns, yea, have plucked in all the riches and Popes poAver of the Avhole Avorld ; and not content Avith that, have usurped us^ed and prevailed so much above emperors, that, as before, no pope """^ might be chosen Avithout the confirmation of the emperor, so noAv no princes, emperor may be elected Avithout the confirmation of the pope, taking upon them more than princes to place or displace emperors at their pleasure for every light cause, and to put doAvn or set up Avhen and Avhom they listed ; as Frederic I., for holding the left stirrup of the Frederic pope's saddle, Avas persecuted almost to excommunication ; Avhich holding cause moveth me to strain more diligence here, in setting out the Jeit's??!" history, acts, and doings of this Hildebrand, from Avhom, as the first rup, is patron and founder, sprang all this ambition and contention about cutel the liberties and dominion of the Roman chm-ch ; to the intent that such as cannot read the Latin histories may understand in English the original of evils : how and by Avhat occasion they first began, and how long they have continued.
And first, hoAv this Hildebrand hitherto had behaA'ed himself before he Avas pope, I have partly declared. For though he Avas not yet pope in name, yet he Avas then pope indeed, and ruled the popes and all their doings as him listed. Item, Avhat Avays and fetches he
(1) See Appendix.— Ed.
i2
IIG TlIK TKAC;i(AI, IllSTORV Ol' CRECOIIY VIT.
miiiam bad attempted ever since his first coming to the court of Rome, to
'it^l': macrnity and maintain false liberty against true authority ; what
■-^-^ practice he wrought by councils, what factions and conspiracies he
1073 made, in stirring up popes against emperors, striving for superiority ;
'- and what wars iv.llowed thereof, I have also expressed. Now let us
see further (by the help of Christ) the worthy virtues of this princely prelate, after he came to be pope, as they remain in histories of divers and sundry Avriters described.
The tragical history of Gregory VII., otherwise named Hildebrand. A.D.107.'. Hitherto' the bishops of Rome have been elected by voices and suffrages of all sorts and degrees, as well of the priests and the clergy, as of the nobility, people, and senate, all conventing and assembling together. And this election I find to stand in force, if so be it were ratified and confirmed by the consent of the Roman emperors, who had authority to call these, as well as other bishops, The state uuto councils as casc required. Moreover, all other prelates whatso- churcMn cvcr, and the masters of monasteries and religious houses — both in pasT Germany, France, Italy, and throughout the whole Roman world — according to tlie ancient usage were appointed by the emperors, with the advice of their council, and by the suffrages of the chief estates assembled together, as is declared by Aventine in his account of Charlemagne. The holy and ancient fathers (like as Christ our Lord with his disciples and apostles both taught and did) honoured and esteemed their emperors as the supreme potestate next under God on earth, as above all other mortal men, and as set up, ordained, elected, and crowned of God, and called them their lords. To them Revcr- tlicy yielded tribute, and paid their subsidies, and also prayed every oi«diei"e day for their life. Such as rebelled against them they took as rebels pliiitU" ^^"^ rcsisters ag-ainst God's ordinance and christian piety. The name of the emperor then was of great majesty, and received as given from The man- God. Then thcsc fiithcrs of the church never intermeddled nor en- vinue of tangled themselves with politic affairs of the commonAveal ; much the lore- less occupicd they martial arms and matters of chivalry. Only in of th" poverty and modesty was all their contention with other christians, church, ^^ho should be poorest and most modest among them, and the more humbleness appeared in any, the higher opinion they conceived of him. The sharp and two-edged sword they took, given to the church (jf Christ, to save, and not to kill ; to quicken, and not to destroy ; and called it the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God, the life and light of men, and revoketh from death to life, making of men, gods ; of mortal, immortal. Far were they from that, to thrust out any prince or king (though he were ever so far out of the way, yea an Arian) from his kingdom, or to curse him, to release his sub- jects from their oath and their allegiance, to change and translate kingdoms, to subvert empires, to pollute themselves with christian blood, or to war with their christian brethren for rule and principality. This was not their spirit and manner then, but rather they loved and obeyed their princes. Again, princes loved them also like fathers
^ (1) The words of the Latin History he these :—" Hactcnus Pontificcs Rom. ccmitiis curiatis lalatii, a sacerdotibus, cfiuitatii, plclc, senatii," 8.C.— Ex Avtnlino. [See Apiieniiix.— tu.j
PiUESTs' MARRIAGE MADE HERESY. 117
and fellow-princes with tliem over the souls of men. Now this Gre- gory VII., otherwise named Hildebrand, trusting to the Normans, who then ruffled about Apulia, Calabria, and Campania, trusting also to the power of Matilda, a stout woman there about Rome, and partly again bearing himself bold for the discord among the Germans, - first of all others (contrary to the manner of the elders) contemning bitio^ts" the authority of the emperor, invaded the cathedral sec of Rome, t''inn"'f''' vaunting himself as having both the ecclesiastical and temporal sword ^iide- committed to him by Christ, and that fulness of power was in his liand, to bind and loose Avhatsoever he listed. Whereupon thus he presumed to occupy both the regiments, to challenge all the whole dominion of the West, yea, and to encroach all power to himself alone, abiding none to be equal, much less superior unto him ; dero- gating from others, and arrogating to himself their due right and honour, setting at light Ccsars, kings, and emperors, as who thus reigned but by his own god-a-mercy.* Bishops and prelates as his underlings he kept in awe, suspending and cursing, and chopping off their heads, stirring up strife and wars, sowing of discord, making flictions, releasing oaths, defeating fidelity and due allegiance of subjects to their princes. Yea, and if he had offended or injured the emperor himself, yet notwithstanding he ought to be feared, as he himself glorieth in a certain epistle, as one that could not err, and had received of Christ our Saviour, and of Peter, authority to bind and unbind at his Avill and pleasure. Priests then in those days had pdests" wives openly and lawfully (no law forbidding to the contrary), as mailed appearetli by the deeds and writings of the donations, which were Presby- given to churches and monasteries, wherein their wives also be cited with them for witness, and are called Presbyterissee.^ Also bishops, prelates, parsons of churches, governors of the clergy, masters of mo- nasteries and religious houses — all these were, in those times, in the emperor''s ordination, to assign by voice or consent to whom he would. Now these two things this Pope Gregory could not abide ; for which Hiide- two causes only was all his striving and driving from his first beginning niortti* to abolish the marriage of priests, and to translate the authority imperial ^"jg'",-'/" to the clergy ; for to this scope only tended all his labour, practice, and mar- devices, as appeared before in the council of Lateran under Pope "^^'''* Nicholas, and also in the council of Mantua under Alexander, making their marriage heresy, and the other to be simony. And that which a.daoh. before he went about by others, now he practiseth by himself, to Priests' condemn ministers that were married for Nicolaitans, and to treat any made^ife^- spiritual regiment of secular persons as simonv, directing forth his '''^'>.='"'J
1 1 TT 1 S T 1 • spiritual
letters upon tlie same to Henry tlie emperor ; also to dukes, princes, regiment potestates, tetrarchs ; namely to Berchtold duke of Zeringhen, to Ro- person''s ^"^ dolph duke of Suabia, to Welph duke of Bavaria, Adalberon bishop of g-mony''^ Wurtzburg, and to their wives ; item, to bishops, archbishops, priests, and to all the people. In the which letters he denounceth them to be no priests, so many as were married, forbidding men to salute them, to talk, to eat, to company with them, to pay them tithes, or to obey them, if they would not be obedient to him. Amongst all other he directed special letters to Otho, bishop of Constance, concerning this matter ; but Otho, perceiving tlic ungodly and unreasonable pretence
(I) " Ut precario regnantes."— F,d. (2) Ex Avcntino, qui invenit in instrumentis donationum.
lis IIILUKllllAXu's LETTER TO OTIIO.
n;iii^m of Ilildcbraiul, wonlil ncitlicr separate those who were mamcd from ',/«/r"r." their wives, nor yet forbiil those to marry who were unmarried/'
A I)
1074'. The copy of the Knter of Ilihlebnmd sent to the bishop of Constance,
' against priests' marriages.
(ircpory, bishop, por\-ant of tlic servants of God, to the clergy and laity, botli more and'li-ss, within tlio diocese of Constance, salutation and benediction. Wc have directed to our brother Otho, your bishop, our letters exhortatory ; wherein wc cnjoiiud him, according to the necessity of our duty, by tlie authority apostohcal, that ho should utterly abolish out of his church thcheresy of simony, and also siiould cause with all diligence to be preached the chastity of priests. But he, neither moved with reverence for St. Peter's precept, nor yet witli the regard of liis duty, neglected to do these things, whereunto we so fatherly liavc exhorted liim ; incurring thereby a double ofTence, not only of disobe- dience, but also of rebellion, in that he hath gone and done clean contraiy otho, to oni- connnandmcnt, yea, rather the commandment of blessed St. Peter, so nrcon- *hat he hath permitted his clergy, not only such as had wives, not to put them .stance, away, but also such as had none, to take unto them. "Whereupon we being cited to tniiy informed thereof, and grieved therewith, have directed to him another forM-' letter, declaring the motion of our displeasure and indignation. In which lowing letters also we have cited him up to oiu* council at Rome, there to appear and Uieir S'^'^ accoimt of his disobedience in the audience of the whole synod. And lawful now therefore we thought it best to signify this to you (our dear children), wives. w'hercby in this behalf we might the better provide for your health and salvation ; for if 3'our bishop shall continue so obstinately to repugn and resist against our commandment, he is not meet to sit over you. Sec. Wherefore these shall be to command you, and all those that be obedient to God, and to The pope blessed St. Peter, by our apostolical authority, that if tliis your bishop shall rthfor^ persist in his obstinac}', j'ou that be his subjects hereafter give to him no service (lisobedi- nor obedience ; for the which thing doing, we here discharge you before God '""'^'^' and your souls. For if your bishop shall seem contrary to the decreements and injunctions apostolical, we, through the apostolical authoritj' of St. Peter, discharge and absolve you from the band of yoiu- allegiance to him. So that if you be sworn to him, so long as he is a rebel against God and the apostolic seat, we loose you from the peril of your oath, that you shall not need to fear therein any danger, &c.
Otho, bishop of Constance, thus being cited, whether he did appear
M,irch, personally himself, I do not read. This I read and find, that in the
.\.u.io7i. g^-j^^ council holden at Rome, Hildebrand, with other bishops of
Rome, did then enact, among many others, these three things most
special : — First, that no priest, hereafter, should marry. Secondly,
Here that all such as were married should be divorced. Thirdly, that none
the vow of hereafter should be admitted to the order of priesthood, but should
chMtiiy. s^y(.jjj. perpetual chastity, &c. This council of Rome being ended,
forthwith the act of Hildebrand concerning the single life of priests
was proclaimed and published in all places, and strict commandment
given to bishops to execute the same.
I'he copy of his Bull sent into Italy and Germany.
Gregory, the pope, otherwise Hildebi-and, the servant of the servants of God, sendeth tl\c apostle's blessing to all those within tlie kingdoms of Italy and Gennany, who show their tme obedience to St. Peter. If there be any priests, deacons, and subdeacons, that still will remain in the sin of fornication, we forbid (hem the clmrch's entrance, by the omnipotent power of God, and by the autliority of St. Peter, till in time they amend and repent. But, if they pci-sevcre in tiieir sin, we charge that none of you presume to hear their service ; for their blessing is turned into cin-sing, and their Drayer into sic, S3 the Loul doth testify to us by his projjhets, " I will turn youi- blessing," S:c.
FRANCE AND GEIIMANY RESIST THE TOVE's DECREES. 119
The bishops of France being called upon daily with the pope's "'i///Vii,i letters, were compelled to obey the decree of the council ; but the gua-o".' residue of the clergy, manfully and stoutly withstanding the pope's ^ ^^ decree and enforcement of their bishops, would not agree, but repined 1074, thereat, and said that the council did manifestly repugn against the —
w^ord of God, and that the pope did take from priests that which both J^^^ ^^ God and nature had given them ; and therefore that that person was Francr- a heretic, and author of a wicked doctrine, who rided and governed tuii. not by the Spirit of God, but by Satan. That the decree and act set forth tended directly against the word of God and the saying of Christ, — " Non omn'cs capiunt verbum hoc :" " All men have not the gift and capacity of this word." Also that it was against the sound doctrine of St. Paul, Avriting these words, — " As concerning virginity, I have no commandment of the Lord," &c. ; again ; "He that cannot otherwise live continent, let him maiTy." Also, that it was against the canons both of the apostles and of the Niccne Council. Moreover, that it was against the course of nature, which he required, namely, that men being sequestered from their natural wives and women, should be coacted to live as angels ; that is, to perform that w'hich nature doth not give ; and, therefore, that the bishop therein did open a pernicious window to uncleanness and to fornication. In sum, giving up their answer, thus they concluded : that they had rather give up their benefices than forsake their natm-al and lawful wives, against the word of Christ ; and, finally, if married priests could not please them, they should call down angels from heaven to serve the churches. But Hildebrand, nothing moved, neither Avith honest reason nor with the authority of holy Scripture, nor with the determination of the Nicene Council, nor any thing else, followeth up this matter, and calling upon the bishops still, with his letters and legates, doth solicit their minds, accusing them of negligence and dastardliness, and threatening them Avith excommunication, unless they cause their priests to obey his decree enjoined them. Where- upon a great number of bishops, for fear of the pope's t}Tanny, laboured the matter with their priests, by all means possible, to bereave them of their accustomed matrimony.
Amongst others, the archbishop of Mentz, perceiving this act of Bishop of taking away priests' marriage might breed him no little trouble, talketh with his clergy gently, admonisheth them of the pope's mind and decree, and giveth them half a year's respite to deliberate upon the case ; ^ exhorting them diligently to show themselves obedient to the pope and to him, and to grant with good will that Avhich at length, will they, nill they, they must needs be forced unto; and therefore of their own accord to stand content therewith, lest the pope should be compelled to attempt ways of sharper severity. The time of deli- beration expired, the archbishop assembleth his clergy at Erfurdt, in the month of October, and there willeth them, according to the The pontifical decree, either to abjure for ever all matrimony, or else to Germany renounce their benefices and ecclesiastical livings. The clergy again f°^l^^f defend theniselvcs against the pope's decree with the Scriptm-es, with the pope's
reason, with the acts of general councils, with the examples of their proceed- ings,
(1) Kx Lambcrlo ScafnaburrensI, in Hist. Germnnortira.
120 MARUIAGK OF PRIESTS DEFENDED.
ir,7/«i« ancestors, by divers strong arguments declaring tlic po])e's decree not 'iuf^^.' to be consonant nor one tliat ought to take effect. But tlic arcli- bishop said he was comiicllcd so of the pope, and could not otherwise 107.') ^'*'' '"'^ execute tliat was enjoined him.
— Tlic clcrgv seeing that no reason nor prayer, nor disputation would
serve, left the svnod on pretence of consulting among themselves what was best to be done. Some gave counsel not to return again to the svnod : some thought it good to return and to thrust out the arch- bishop from his see, and to give him due punishment of death for his deserving, that by the example of him other might be warned hereafter never to attem])t that thing any more, to the pirjudice of the church and the rightful liberty of ministers. After that it was signified to the archbishop bv certain spies that were amongst them, what the clergy intended to do, the archbishop, to prevent and salve the matter, send- cth to the priests certain messengers, bidding them to compose their minds and to return again to the synod, and promising that on the first favourable opportunity he would send to Rome and do his endea- vour what he could to revoke and turn the mind of the bishop oi Rome from the rigour of that sentence. So being persuaded, tho next day they came again to the synod. The next year following, in A.D.iors. the month of October, the archbishop of Mentz assembled there a coun- cil, to the which Hildebrand, the soldier of Satan, sendeth his legate, the bishop of Coire, with letters, wherein the archbishop was directed, under pain of degradation, again to propose the matter, and com- mand all his clergy there to abrenounee for ever either their wives or their cure and ministry. The clergy defended their cause again with great constancy : but when no defension could take place, but all went by tyranny and mere extortion, it burst in the end to an uproar and tumult, where the legate and the archbishop, being in great danger, hardly escaped with their lives ; and so the council brake up.' By this schism and tumult it followed, that the churches alter that, in choosing their priests, would not send them to the bishops (the enemies and suppressors of matrimony) to be confirmed and inducted, but did elect them within themselves, and so put them in their office without all leave or knowledge of bishops ; who then agreed and were determined to admit no jniests, but such as shoidd sinpie take an oath of perpetual singleness, never to marry after : and thus hood, how first came up the oath and profession of single priesthood. Notwith- it began, .^landing, if other nations had followed the like constancy and concord of these German ministers, the devilish drift and decree of this Hilde- brand, or rather ' Hellbrand,'^ had been frustrate and avoided; but this greediness of livings in weak priests made them to yield up their Example godly liberty to wicked tyranny. Yet this remaineth in these amonR Gcruians to be noted, what concord can do in repressing inordinate Snd mini- requests of evil bishops if they constantly stand to the truth, and »ter«. hold together. And thus much for banishing of matrimony.^
Now let us proceed to the contentions between wicked Hildebrand and the godly emperor. But before, by the way of digression, it shall not be much wide from the purpose to touch a little of the properties of this pope, as we find them described in certain epistles of Benno, a cardinal, writing to other cardinals of Rome; which
(I) I.aml)crt ScliatTcnlnirp. Sre Appendix.— En. (2) See Apreiidix. (.'i) Ibid.
niLDEBKAND UKLAWI-ULLV CIIOSEX POPE. 121
Benno lived in the same time of Hildcbrand, and detectctli tlic Jniuam prodigious acts and doings of tliis monstrous pope. First lie declares q,ieror. that he was a sorcerer most notable, and a necromancer, an old com- ^ j^ panion of Sylvester, of Laurentius, and Thcophylaet, called other- 1075
wise Benedict IX. Amongst others, Benno the cardinal writeth this
history of him :*
" U]ion a certain time this Gregory, coming from Albano to Rome, had forgot behind him his familiar book of necromancy, which he was wont commonly to carry always with him. Whereupon remembering himself, on entering the port of Luteran, he calleth two of his most trusty familiars to fetch the book, charging them on no account to look within it. But they being so restrained, were the more desirous to open it, and to peruse it, and so did. After they had read a little the secrets of the satanical book, suddenly there came about them the messengers of Satan, the multitude and terror of whom made them almost out of their wits. At length, they coming to them- selves, the spirits were instant upon them to know wherefore they were called up, wherefore they were vexed ; 'quickly,' said they, 'tell us what ye would us to do, or else we will fall upon you, if ye retain us longer.' Then spake one of the young men to them, bidding them go and pluck down yonder walls, pointing unto certain high walls there nigh to Rome, which they did in a moment. The young men crossing themselves for fear of the spirits, and scarcely recovering themselves, at length came to their master."
We read, moreover, in the epistle of the said Benno to the car- dinals, as followeth :" —
" We have divers eminent persons and colleges of the church of Rome to Pope mention, which refused to communicate with him ; as Leo, then arch-priest of the "/^Jl^'fo^. cardinals, Benno, Ugobald, John the cardinal, and Peter, chancellor and cardinal, saken by who were all instituted before this Hildebrand. These three, who wereconse- ^^^^''^^."^ crated by him, that is to say, Natro, Innocent, and Leo, forsook him, cursing (he finals'." detestable errors which he held: in like case Theodinus, whom he constituted archdeacon, and other cardinal-deacons more, John the present archdeacon, and Crescentius, John the master of the singing school, ^ with all his company, and Peter the Oblationer, with all his company except one ; and certain others. And now, when this Hildebrand saw that the bishops also would forsake him, he called unto him the laymen and made them privy of his design, that he intended to separate the bishops, that they should have no conference with the cardinals. After that he called together those bishops, and being guarded with bands of He com- laymen he enforced the bishops, partly for fear, and partly by his menacing words, peUeth to' swear unto him, that they should never disagree unto that which he would shops and have done, that they should never defend the king's quarrel, and that they should priests of never favour or obey the pope that should in his stead be instituted. Which ^™^,'^, thing being done, he sent them, by means of the prince of Salerno, into Cam- to him. pagna; and thus did he separate them from the company of the cardinals, and from the city of Rome. And not only the bishops, but also the priests of the city, and clerks of inferior orders, as also the laymen, he bound by their oaths, that at no time nor for any cause they should condescend unto the king.
"As soon as Pope Alexander was dead, who died somewhat before night, the same day, contrary to the canons, he was chosen pope of the laymen ; but the cardinals subscribed not to his election, for the canons prescribe, under pain of Pope Hil- cursing, that none should be chosen pope before the third day after the burial ^^^J^fJ^^^^ of his predecessor. But he, having thus by sinister means climbed to the see, made removed the cardinals of the sacred see from being his privy council. With what pope, persons, however, he consulted night and day, Rome well heard and saw. And he now, having put the cardinals from his counsels and person, his life, faith, and doctrine, no man could accuse or bear witness of; whereas in tlie canons, is com- At which manded, that wheresoever the pope is, there should be with him three cardinal- ^^^°J'^""''' priests and two deacons.to be his ecclesiastical witnesses, and for the honour of the jooi-, p^n.
(n " Benno, Germanus.eccl. Rom. archi-presbyter et cardinalis 4Clemente III. antipapA, in Gre- '^/^^'^j"' ?orii VII. (senteiitia synoiiali depositi) locum a concilio Brixiensi anno 1080 subrofcato, factus. Clementis partibus constanlissime adhiesit, Gregorio VII. hostis infensissiinus : quo nomine plenis conviciorum ac calumniarum plaustris a Baronio aliisque scriptonbus pontilicus obruilur. tave. _Kd. (2) See Appendix. (3) Ed. 1571 refers to vol. i. p. 114 : add p. 193.— hD.
T22 hiluebraxd's attkmi't o\' Tiiii empehor's life.
William Iriitli.' lie viokntly wrested tlie sacred Scriptures to cover liis falsehood ; which Mr Con- liiiul of idointry liow great it is, manifestly tinoiigliout all the Scripture appeareth. 1"''''°''- Contrary to the minds and coiuiscl of the cardinals, and heside the order of pro- A. D. Jioiincin'j,' judjrmcnt determined hy the canons, he rashly did excommunicate 1075' *'' munication (saith lJenno)'nonc of the cardinals subscribed. As soon as he arose
The em- ^^^^^^ ^f [,j^ ^^^^ papal to excommunicate the emperor, the same seat, being made wrong- but a little before with the strongest timber, suddenly, by the appointment of fully ex- God, was rent and shivered in pieces ; that all men might plainly understand, n°™™j' liow great and terrible schisms that lubber was sowing against the church of The ' Christ, and against the seat of St. Peter, by that his so perilous and presumptuous •'."PV* cxcomnmnication, and how cruelly he was breaking in pieces the chair of Christ, breaks in trampling on the laws of the church, and ruling by might and austerity, under " In the l)ody of the said exeonnnunication he inserted those very things
rises lo'"' wherein lie himself erred from the catholic faith, viz. how he cut off the emperor cxcom- bv an unjust excommunication, and the bishops also communicating with him, niunicatc j„jj t],ose ^yjn, comnmnicated with them ; and thus rending the unity of the peror. cluirch, did as much as in him lay to make two churches.
The pope '
tlie'unity *^'^ intent that God might reveal whose opinion was better, whether that of the
of the church of Rome, or of Bcrengarius, touching tlie controversy of the Lord's body
iiiurcli. j,^ j]nj sacrament. And hereby he proved himself to be a manifest infidel, for
tliat in the Nicene Council it is written, ' He that doubteth in the faith is an
infidel.'
or this " Further he sought for the sign to establish his faith concerning the article
miracle of the Lord's body, which was vouchsafed to Gregory to confirm a woman's
inVo^ap- ^'''tlij w'hen the consecrated bread was transubstantiated into the form of a
jiroved linger. He also sent two cardinals, Atto and Cuno, to St. Anastasie's, thai with
history. Suppo the arch-priest of the same church they should begin a fast of three
days' space, and that every one of them, every day during those three days,
should say over the Psalter, and sing masses, that Christ migiU show unto them
the aforesaid sign of his body ; wliich thing they could not obtain.
" The emperor was wont oftentimes to go to St. Mary's church, in tlie mount Aventine, to pray. Hildebrand, when he had by his espials searched out and knew all the doings of the emperor, caused the place to be marked where the emperor was accustomed, either standing or prostrate on his face, to pra}', and The pope I'or money he hired a naughty pack like himself, to gather and lay together a '"'■^"l""*' heap of great stones on the beams in the vaulted roof of tlie church, directly emperor, o^'^^' the place where the emperor would stand, that in throwing the same down upon his bead, he might slay the emperor. About which purpose as the hire- ling hasted and was busy removing to the jilace a stone of great hugeness and weight, it broke the plank whereon it lay, and, the hireling standing thereupon, botii together fell down from the roof to the pavement of the church, and with the same was dashed all in pieces. After the Romans had understanding of the handling of this matter, they fastened a rope to one of the feet of this hire- ling, and caused him to be drawn through the streets of the city three days together for an example to others. The emperor, notwithstanding, according to his wonted clemency, caused him to be buried. Hiide- " John, bishop of Porto, being one of the secret council of Hildebrand, came
brand ,,p {^■^^Q the pul])it of St. Peter, and amonjrst other things, in the hearing both the sacra- of tho clergy and people, said, ' Hildebrand and we have committed such a deed, inentof_ and SO horrible, for the whicli we are all worthy to be burned alive,' meaning body?mo* of the sacrament of the body of Christ ; which sacrament Hildebrand, when he the lire, thereof required a divine answer against the emperor, and it would not speak, it'w^o'Td '^^'''^^^' "^'^^ '^"^ ^^^ ^^^ burned it, contrary to the persuasion of tho cardinals give him ^^''^" were there present, and would have I'esisted the same, no an-
assembled at St. reter s church to hear mass, after the gospel he went up mto the pulpit, arrayed in his pontifical attire, and, in the presence of divers bishops and cardinals, and of a great company of the clergy, and of the senate and people of Rome, openly preached, among many other words of divination, that
(I) .'
I?.) The sentence of which Pxr'ciTiinuiilci.tioi', nf!cr rehearsal of these presents, shall also be mat.ifcstcd (Christ willing).
«wer.
CUUELTIKS OF POPE lULUEliKAND. 123
king Henry should die, without all peradventurc, before the feast of St. Peter WiiUam. next ensuing ; or else, at leastwise, that he should be so defected from his kingdom, that he sliould not be able to muster above the number of six knights. He also declared from the pulpit with a loud voice to the bishops and cardinals, and to all that were present, ' Never accept me for pope any more, but pluck me from the altar, if this prophecy be not fuliilled by the day appointed.'^ About the same time he went about, by help of privy murderers, to kill the ^eeketir emperor, but God preserved him. And many there were, even at the time, again to who thought Pope Hildebrand to have been piivy to, nay, the deviser of, the jnurtler treason, because that just before the attempt was made lie presumed on the ror.'^'"''^" death of the king, being by him falsely prophesied of before ; which words of his struck many men's hearts. And so it came to pass that Hildebrand was openly condemned by his own mouth in the congregation, because, as we have said, he had adjudged himself to be no pope, neither that he ought be counted for pope any longer, but a traitor and liar, unless that before the feast of St. Peter, next coming, the emperor should die, or else should be deprived of all kingly honour, insomuch that he should not be able to muster above six knights on The pope his part. And thus by the appointment of God it came to pass, that by his by his own mouth he was condemned for a heretic. mouth
" Thus saith the Lord, The prophet who of arrogancy will prophesy in my condem- name those things which I have not commanded him, or else will prophesy in ^'^ [?f ^ the name of other gods, let him be slain. And if thou shalt say with thyself, How shall I know what thing it is that the Lord hath not commanded to be spoken ? this token shalt thou have to know it by : whatsoever thing the pro- phet shall prophesy in the name of the Lord, and the same come not to pass, that mayest thou be sure the Lord hatli not spoken, but the prophet hath imagined through the haughtiness of his own mind, and therefore thou shalt not be afraid of him.'
" ' When the time was expired which Hildebrand in his divination had set, Tlie em- and yet neither the king was dead, nor the number of his troops impaired ; fear- peror pre- ing, lest by the words of his own mouth he should be entrapped and condemned, the^ower subtilely he turned his tale, saying, and persuading the ignorant people, that he of God, meant not of the body of the king, but of his soul ; as though the soul of the ^"'^ *'^^ king had lost all, saving six, of his knights, or else had been dead during false pro- that space ; and thus by these sleights he beguiled the ignorant people. Against P'let- such prophets St. Gregory on Ezekiel saith, ' Between true prophets and false this diiference there is, that true prophets, if they speak any thing of their own mind, they be soon rebuked ; but the false prophets both tell lies, and, not having the spirit of truth, persevere in their falsity.'
'■ Over and besides, the said Hildebrand sentenced to death three men, before Three they were convicted, or had confessed their crime, without the sentence of any persons secular judge, and caused them to be hanged upon a pair of gallows, over against d"at'h hv the church of St. Peter, in a place called Palatiolum, without any delay or Hilde- advisement, contrary to the laws which command, that even notorious criminals ^^^"'\ should have thirty days' space before they be put to execution ; which thing an law. even amongst the pagans is in use and observed, as teacheth the authority of St. Ambrose, and the martyrdom of holy Marcellinus and Marcus.
" He cast Centius the son of Stephen, the pr'ajfect, into prison, being before Centins his trusty friend ; and, in a vessel thick set with sharp nails, he put him to toi'- tortured tures worse than a thousand deaths ; who, after he was escaped, apprehended pope'.*^ the said Hildebrand. Of this apprehension, before he was set at liberty, he openly forgave all the conspirators ; which thing afterwards, contrary to good faith, he revoked, and in revenge persecuted Centius, to whom he had forgiven all offences, and nine of his men lie hanged upon the gallows before St. Peter's porch.
"There was, at the apprehension of Pope Hildebrand, a certain widow's son, to whom, and to others more, for their penance, he enjoined a year's banish- ment; which time being run out, the widow, in token of more ample satisfac- tion, thinking thereby to have appeased the mind of Hildebrand, put a halter about her son's neck, and drawing him by the rope to the feet of Hildebrand said, ' My lord pope, at your hands will I receive again my son, who one whole year hath endured banishment, and other penance, by your iioliness enjoined.' Then the said Hildebrand, dissembling his wrath for that instant because of
124
KI'ISTLK OF BENXO TO THE CARDINALS.
It'illiam Ihe Cnn- querur,
A.D. 1075.
The vil- Uny of thr pope ill kiHinR a widow's *on.
Hitde- brand setting the
bishops against the em- peror.
The em- peror caused by Hilde- brand to accuse himself.
The (freat patience of the godly emperor.
those who were with him in company, delivered her her son very churlishly, saying, ' Get tlice hence, woman, 1 bid thee, and let nie be at rest.' After this he sent his olficers, and apprehended the widow's son, and gave commandment to the judges to put him to death ; who w iih one consent answered and said, ' That' they could no more condemn or meddle with him, for that he had appealed once to the pope, and abidden the banishment, and done tiie penance by him enjoined for his crime committed.' Hereupon this glorious Hildebrand, displeased with the judges, caused the foot of the widow's son to be cut off', making neither re])entance, nor the laws and ordinances, to be of any estima- tion with him ; and thus, his foot being cut off, he died within three days after with the j)ain thereof. Many other wicked deeds did this Hildebrand, upon whom the blood of the church cricth vengeance, shed by the sword of his tongue, with miserable treachery; for which things, and that justly, the church refu.scd to communicate with him."'
Another Epislle of Benno to the Cardinals.
To the venerable fathers of the church of Rome, and to his beloved and ever to be beloved brethren in Christ, Benno, cardinal of the church of Rome, wislioth faillifu! service, and health, in the communion of the catholic church : of tlie communion, and discipline, or power whereof, lie vainly braggeth, who- ever, presimiing on his authority, shall unjustly bind or loose any manner of person. And he dolh unjustly bind, whoever curseth any man who is willing to make satisfaction, and implores a hearing, being unconvicted, and not con- fessing the crime ; nay rather, by cursing that party in vain he curseth and condemncth himself, turning his weapon upon his own person to his destruc- tion. O strange and new-found treacherj', jiroceeding from the sanctuary, nay, rather from him who, as high-priest, seemed to rule the church, and to be a judge over the judges !
Hildebrand was earnestly in hand with the emperor, that he should deprive those bisliops who came in by simony. The emperor, thinking, as a zealous prince, that this commission had proceeded from the throne of God, without delay obeyed the same, and, forthwith, without any consideration, or judicial order, depiived certain bishops, and thought that by this his obedience to Hildebrand he offered an acceptable sacrifice to God ; not knowing as yet the crafty hand- ling of the man. But Hildebrand then again replaced those whom the emperor for simony at his commandment had before deposed, and those whom by that means he iiad caused to bear a hateful heart to the emperor he attached to him- self in great familiarity ; and securing their fidelity bj' many and solemn oaths taken of them, he promoted them above all the rest. And, by these pranks, the imj)erial house being shortly after troubled and almost destitute of friends, he, craitil}' purchasing the friendsliip and favour of the greatest princes, the better to bring his matters to pass, suddenly, without any lawful accusation, without any canonical citation, without any judicial order, excommunicated the emperor (always so obedient to him), and set the princes of the empire all against him. And notwithstanding, as the apostle saith, that no inan ought to circmnvent his brother in any matter, as much as in him lay he rather mortally wounded him, than brotherly corrected him. Thus the emperor being many ways circum- vented, and excomnuinicated against all canonical order, and by the consent and counsel of Hildebrand spoiled of the greatest part of his imperial honour, and overcharged with wars and immense slaughter of his faithful adherents, in vain desired and sued to have a canonical hearing, but was forced against his will at Canossa, in the presence of Hddebrand, to accuse himself by an extorted confession.
Say you now, I pray you, all such as love justice, and know not to lean either to the right hand or to the left in favour of any person, say your minds, whether such a confession, so extorted, ought to be prejudicial to never so poor a man, much less to an emperor? and whether he who extorted the same confessicm is not amenable to the canons, rather than he who, being so perversely judged, for three days together suffered the injury and violence of his perverse judge, patiently and publicly, and with lamentable affliction, being barefoot, and clothed in linsey wolsey,' in an imusually sharp winter, being made .1 spectacle
(1) Haec Deniio Rom Cardinal.
(2) An old penance : see Appendix En.
TIIK pope's designs AGAINST HENRY THE FOURTH. 125
at Canossa both to angels and men, and a mocking-stock to that proud wwiam Hildebrand ? Never trust me, if thirteen of the more wise and pious car- the Cun- dinals, the archdeacon himself, and the master of the singing school, besides ''""'''"'■ many others of the clerks of Lateran (to whose judgment by the privilege of a. D. the holy see the whole world is obedient), weighing and considering his intoie- 1075.
rable apostasy, did not depart from participating and refuse to communicate
with him.
■J'Ihs glorious Hildebrand, and his familiar, Turbanus, by their new authority. Urban ir. breaking tiie decrees of the Chalcedon Council not only in words but also in public writings, have agreed, that it is allowable both to baptize and communi- cate out of the church of God : and how blind these men were, and also what heretics they were, their own writings do declare. What a mischief is this (saith Benno) that they presume to judge in the church, who swarm themselves in all errors : who also convert the truth itself into a lie ; for lest the poisoned errors both of their words and writings should appear, they have, like sorcerers, the better to deceive, mixed the honey of truth therewithal : but a lie, saith wiiat a St. Augustine, is every thing pronounced with the intent of deceiving others, lie is.
It were too long and tedious here to recite all the detestable Pope Hii- doings, and diabolical practices of conjurings, charms, and filthy ^.^Jr^e" ot sorceries, exercised between him, and Laurentius, and Theophylact, ^^^^^^, otherwise named Pope Benedict IX., whereof a long narration juring. foUoweth in the aforesaid epistle of Benno to the cardinals to be seen, to which the reader may repair, whoso hath either leisure to read or mind to understand more of the abominable parts and devilish acts of this Hildebrand.
Thus having sufficiently alleged the words and testimonies of Benno and Aventinus, concerning the acts and facts of this pope ; now let us proceed, in the order as followeth in his story, to set forth the miserable vexation which the virtuous and godly emperor sus- tained by that ungodly person.
About what time Hildebrand was made pope, Henry IV., the Henryiv. emperor, was encumbered and much vexed with civil dissention in ^™p"'"'- Germany, by reason of certain grievances of the Saxons against him and his father, Henry HI. ; whereupon the matter growing to sedi- tion, sides were taken, and great wars ensued betwixt Otho, duke of Saxony, and Henry, the emperor. This busy time seemed to Hildebrand very opportune to work his feats, whose study and drift was ever from the beginning to advance the dominion of the Romish seat above all other bishops, and also to press down the authority of the temporal rulers under the spiritual men of the church. And although he went about the same long before by subtle trains and acts set forth concerning simony, yet now he thought more efFec- tuously to accomplish his purposed intent, after that he was exalted thither where he would be. And therefore now bearing himself the bolder, by the authority of St. Peter's throne,^ first he began to pursue the act set out by his predecessor, as touching simony, cursing and excommunicating, whosoever they were, that received any spiritual living or promotion at laymen's hands, as also all such as were the givers thereof. For this he then called simony, that under that colour he might defeat the temporal potestates of their right, and so bring the whole clergy at length to the lure of Rome. And forasmuch as the emperor was the head, thinking first to begin
(1) " Much boast is made of Peter's throne, But his life they let alone."
126 SENTENCE OK TIIK COUNCIL OF WORMS.
iniiiam with liini, lie sciulctli for liini, by letters and legates, to appear in tlie 'i'ufror' council of Lutcrun at Rome. But tlic emperor, busied in_ his wars
^ J) a io7G. standing Gregory, the pope, procecdeth in his council, rendering
there the cause and reason before the bishops, why he had excoin-
iierman niunicated divers of the cJergy, as Herman, bishop of Bamberg,
*"°ka- counsellor to the emperor, and other priests more, for simony. And
ted by there, moreover, in the said council he threateneth to excommunicate
"and! likewise the emperor himself, and to depose him from his regal
kingilom, unless he would renounce the heresy of simony, and do
penance. The council being ended, Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna,
persuaded one Ccntius, the Roman prefect's son, whom the pope
had excommunicated, to take the emperors part against the pope,
who, watching his time in the temple of St. Mary, upon Christmas-
uiide- day in the morning, taketh the pope and putteth him fast in a strong
ca^rfna t^wcr. The next day the people of Rome, hearing this, harness
tower, themselves with all expedition to help the bishop, whom when they
A.D.1075! loosed out of prison, they besieged the house of Centius, and
plucked it down to the ground ; his family having their noses cut
off were cast out of the city. Centius himself escaping, fled to the
emperor. Guibert, the archbishop, pretending good-will to the
pope, departed from Rome ; who, likewise, had wrought with Hugo
Candidus, cardinal, and with Theobald, archbishop of Milan, also
with divers other bishops about Italy, to forsake the pope and take
the cmperor*'s part. Gregory the pope, called Hildebrand, hearing
of the conspiracy, layeth the sentence of excommunication upon them
all, and depriveth them of their dignity. The emperor, being moved
not unworthily, with the arrogant presumption of the proud prelate,
rouncii called together a council at Worms, in which all the bishops not only
j2) jTik' of Saxony, but of all the Avhole empire of the Germans, agree and
A.D.I07G. conclude upon the deposition of Hildebrand, and that no obedience
hereafter should be given to him. This being detennined in the
council, Rowland, a priest of Parma, was sent to Rome Avith the
sentence, Avho, in the name of the council, should command Gregory
to yield np his seat, and also charge the cardinals to resort to the
emperor, for a new election of another pope. The tenor of the
sentence sent up by Rowland was this : —
A.D.iorc. The sentence of the Council of Worms against Hildebrand.
Forasmuch as thy first ingress and coming in hath hcen so spotted with so many pcijiiries, and also the church of God hrought into no Httle danger througli thine abuse and new-fangleness : moreover, because thou hast defamed thine own Hfe and conversation with so much and great dishonesty, that we see no little peril or slander to arise thereof; therefore the obedience, which yet we never promised thee, hereafter we utterly renounce, and never intend to give thee. And as thou hast never taken us yet for bishops (as thou hast openly reported of us), so neither will we hereafter take thee to be apostolic. Vale.
The
council of ^^ I . r ^ ^
nome, Gregory the pope, tickled with this sentence, first condemnctli
against '' it iu liis couucil of Latcrau, with excommunication ; secondly, de- ri'ro™""' priveth Sigifrid, archbishop of Mentz, of his dignities and eccle- Wcims. siastical livings, with all other bishops, abbots, and priests, as many
SENTENCE OF EXCOMMUNICATION AGAINST IIENKV. ] 27
as took the empcror"'s part ; tliirdl}', lie accusetli the emperor Henry Vi/nam
himself, deprivinf^ him of his kingdom and regal possessions, and 'gL'^or'
releasing all his subjects of their oath of allegiance given unto him, . ,
after this form and manner. 107G.
The tenor of the sentence excommunicatory against Henry the emperor, by Pope Hildebrand.
O blessed St. Peter, prince of the apostles ! bow down thine cars I beseech thee, and hear me thy servant, whom tliou hast brought up even from mine in- fancy, and hast dehvercd me unto this day from the liands of the wicked, wlio hate and persecute me, because of my faith in thee. Thou art my witness, and Markthig, also the blessed mother of Jesus Christ, and thy brother St. Paul, fellow-partner i'V l';'" of thy martjTdom, how that I entered this function not willingly, but enforced saj-.^the^ against my will ; not that I take it so as a robbery, lawfully to ascend into this pope tan- seat, but because that I had rather pass over my life like a pilgrim or private "°' '''"■ ' person, than for any fame or glory to climb up to it. I do acknowledge, and that worthily, all this to come of thy grace, and not of my merits, that this charge over christian people, and this power of binding and loosing, are com- mitted to me. Wherefore, trusting upon this assurance for the dignity and tuition of holy church in the name of God Omnipotent, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, I do here depose Henry, the son of Henry, once the emperor, from his imperial seat and princely government, who hath so boldly and pre- sumptuously laid hands upon thy church. And, furthermore, all such as here- tofore have sworn to be liis subjects, I release them of their oath, whereby all subjects are bound to the allegiance of their princes ; for it is meet and convenient, that he should be void of dignity, who secketh to diminish the ma- jesty of thy church. Moreover, for that he hath contemned my monitions, tending to liis health and to the wealth of his people, and hath separated himself from the fellowship of the chvu-ch, which he, through his seditions,' studieth to destroy, therefore I bind him by virtue of excommunication, trusting and knowing most certainly, that thou art Peter, on the rock of whom, as on the true foundation, Christ, our king, hath built his church.^
The emperor, thus assaulted with the pope's censure, scndeth The sax- abroad his letters through all nations to purge himself, declarhig hoM' thepop^'s wrongfully, and against all right, he Avas condemned. The princes of r^^^^^^^ Almany, partly fearing the crack of the pope's thunder-clap, partly the em- again rejoicing that occasion was renewed to rebel against the ^^^°'^' emperor, assembled a commencement,^ where they did consult and so conclude ; to elect another emperor, and so fall from Henrv, unless the pope would come to Aosta,* and he would there be content to submit himself and obtain his pardon. Wherein is to be considered the lamentable affections of the Germans in those days, so to forsake such a valiant emperor, and so much to repute a vile bishop : but this was the rudeness of the world then, for lack of better knowledge. The emperor, seeing the chief princes ready to forsake him, promiseth them with an oath, that if the pope would repair to Aosta, in Lombardy,* he would there ask forgiveness of him.
Upon this the bishop of Treves was sent up in commission to Rome, to entreat the pope to come to Aosta.* The pope, at the instance of the legate and the princes, Avas content. He entered into Lombardy,'* thinking to come to Aosta. After he was come to Vercelli, the bishop of that city (being the chancellor of Italy, and desirous to disturb peace for the old grudge he had to the emperor)
(1) Quis tulerit Gracclios de seditione querentes? — Juven. (2) Ex Platina.
(3) " Colloquium maximum apud Oppenheim faciunt," Nauolerus. Sep.lSth, 1076, Lambert. — E».
(4) Poxe says " Germany," fullownijj Maiiii:i : but See Appendix.— Ed.
12S
SEIIVII.K SUU.MISSIOX OK TlIK K.MPEROIl.
jyniiam the Coa- i/UtT jr.
A.D. 1077.
A won- ilrous submis- sion of a valiant emperor to a vilo pope.
Proud condi- tions of the pope.
Here the beast of the Apo- calyiise appeareth in his colours.
falsely persuaded the pope, that lie was certain the emperor was coming with a ini^dity great army against him, comiselling hun
■ tlicrelbrc to provide betimes for his own safeguard in some stronger place; whereby the pope's mind being altered, he retired back to
■ Canusium, or Canossa, a city being subject to Matilda, a countess of Italy, wjicre he should not need to fear the emperor.
Henrv, understanding the false fear of the pope, and of his retiring to Canusium, incontinent (coming out of Spires with his wife and his young son, in the deep and sharp winter) resorteth to Canusium. All his peers and nobles had left him ibr fear of the pope's curse, neither did any accompany him. Wherefore the emperor, being not a little troubled, and laying apart his regal ornaments, came bare- footed with his wife and child to the gate of Canusium, where he from morning to night (all the day fasting) most humbly desireth absolution, craving to be let in, to the speech of the bishop : but no ingress might be given him once within the gates. Thus, he con- tinuing three days together in his petition and suit, at length answer came, that the pope's majesty had yet no leisure to talk with him. The emperor, nothing moved therewith, that he was not let into the city, patient and with an humble mind, abideth without the walls, with no little grievance and painful labour; for it was a sharp winter, and all frozen with cold. Notwithstanding, yet through his importunate suit, at length it was granted, through the entreating of Matilda, the pope's paramour, and of Adelaide, countess of Savoy, and of the abbot of Clugny, that he should be admitted to the pope's speech. On the fourth day^ being let in, for a token of his true repentance, he yieldeth to the pope's hands his crown, with all other ornaments imperial, and confessed himself unworthy of the empire, if ever he do against the pope hereafter, as he hath done before, desiring for that time to be absolved and forgiven. The pope answereth, he will neither forgive him, nor release the bond of his excommunication, but upon conditions. First, to promise that he shall be content to stand to his arbitrement in the council, and to take such penance as he shall enjoin him ; also that he shall be prest and ready to appear, in what place or time the pope shall appoint him. Moreover, that he, being content to take the pope as judge of his cause, shall answer in the said council to all objections and accusations laid against him, and that he shall never seek any revengement herein. Item, that he, though he be quit and cleared therein, shall stand to the pope's mind and pleasure, whether to have his kingdom restored, or to lose it. Finally, that before the trial of his cause, he shall use neither his kingly ornaments, sceptres, nor crown, nor usurp the authority to govern, nor exact any oath of allegiance upon his subjects, &c. These things being promised to the bishop by an oath, and put in writing, the emperor is only released of excommunication.
The form and tenor of the oath, which Henry made to the pope.
I Henry, king, after peace and agreement made to the mind and sentence of our lord Gregory the Seventli, promise to keep all covenants and bonds betwixt us, and to provide that the pope go safely wheresoever he will, without any danger either to him, or to his retinue ; especially in all such places as lie
(1) See Appendix.— Ed. (2) Jitn. 2otli, a.d. 1C"7, says Avcntine.— Ed.
the
pope.
CONSI'IUACY AGAINST THE KMPEROU. 129
subject to our empire. And that I shall not at any time stay or hinder liim, but wiiunm that he may do what belonjifcth to his function, where and whensoever his plea- '*'^ '-'""■ sure shall be. And these things I bind mysell' with an oath to keep. "' gtwror.
A.D. Thus, the matter being decided between them after the pope's 1077. own prescribement, the emperor taketh his journey to Pavia. The pope, with his cardinals, did vaunt and triumph with no little pride, that they had so quailed the emperor, and brought him on his knees to ask them forgiveness. Yet, notwithstanding, mistrusting them- The craf- selves, and misdoubting time, what might befall them hereafter ifrac^of*"" fortune should turn, and God give the emperor to enjoy a more '^'j'^^'''''- quiet kingdom ; therefore, to prevent such dangers betimes, they against study and consult privily with themselves how to displace Henry piror^' clean from his kingdom, and how that device might safely be con- veyed. They conclude and determine to divert the empire unto Rodolph, a man of great nobility amongst the chiefest states of Germany ; and also to incite and stir up all other princes and Great subjects, being yet free and discharged from their oaths, against s\fr7ed uj Henry, and so, by force of arms, to expel the emperor out of his ^^ kingdom. To bring this purpose the better to pass, legates were sent down from the pope, Sigehard patriarch of i\.quileia, and Altman bishop of Passau, who should persuade through all France, that Henry the emperor was rightfully excomnmnicated, and that they should give to the bishop of Rome their consents in choosing Rodolph to be emperor. This being done, there was sent to the said Rodolph, duke of Suabia, a crown from the pope with this verse : —
" Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Rodulpho." ''■ The Rock gave the crown to Peter, Peter giveth it to Rodolph."
Here, by the way of digression, to make a little gloss upon this barbarous verse, two notable lies are to be noted. One, where he lieth about Christ, the other, where he lieth about St. Peter. First, that Christ gave any temporal diadem to Peter, it is a most manifest lie, and against the Scriptures, whereas he would not take it, being given to himself, saying, " My kingdom is not of this world." Again, where he saith that Peter giveth it to Rodolph, here he playeth the The r^pe poet ; for neither had Peter any such thing to give ; and if he ^^^uut ^ had, yet he would not have given it to Rodolph from the right i'^''- heir ; neither is it true that Peter did give it, because Hildebrand gave it. For it is no good argument — Hildebrand did give it, ergo, Peter did give it ; exce})t ye will say — Hildebrand stirred up great Avars and bloodshed in Germany, ergo, Peter stirred up great wars in Germany. So Peter neither could, nor would, nor did, give it to Rodolph, but only Hildebrand, the pope ; who, after he had so done, gave commandment to the archbishops of Mentz and of Cologne to elect this Rodolph for emperor, and to anoint liim king, and also to defend him with all the force and strength they might. ^
While this conspiracy was in hand, Henry the emperor was
(1) Actum Canns. v. Calend. Februaiii, Indie, xv. [Pagi observes that this date is spurious, as Henry was absolved Jan 25 — En.]
(2) Rodolph was elected at the diet of Forcheim, March 15th, 1077, consecrated March 26th.— Ed.
VOL. II. K
130 WARS ICXCITtlD HV TllK POPE.
uiiiiam absent, ami tlic pope's ambassadors with liim also. In the mean
f«'rr?r"" spacc Roilolpli was elcctccl emperor, xmknown to Henry. Upon
-— j — this cometli the bishop of Strasburg to the emperor, certifying him
1080 ^'■'^^^^ ^^'^s ^'""'^- ^^' suspecting and seeing the stomach and doings
— of the Sjixons so bent against liim, mustereth his men with expedition,
and mareheth forward to defend his right ; but fii-st sendeth to Konie, trusting to the league betwixt him and his pope, and requireth the bishop to proceed with his sentence against Kodolph for the rebellious The pope invasion of his empire. But the bishop, minding nothing less, Ihe'em'" scndctli word again, that it was not right to condemn any person, peror. j^jg causc being not heard ; thus, under pretence of the law, colouring liis unlawful treachery. Henry, thus disappointed, and forsaken on every side, with his men about him, attempteth battle against Rodol|)h ; in which battle there was a marvellous great slaughter on both sides, but the victory on neither part was certain, so that both the captains still challenged the empire. After the battle, and great nmrder on both sides, they both sent to Rome to know of the popc''s determination, to whether of them two he judged the right title of the empire to appertain. The bishop commanded them both to break up their armies, and depart the field, promising that he shortly would call a council, where this matter should be disputed : in the mean time they should cease from war. But before the messengers Aug. 7th, returned, their armies being refreshed, they had another conflict A. D. 1078. together, but no victory got on either part. Thus both the captains being wearied in wars, the Romish beast, the bishop, who was the cause thereof, perceiving whither these cruel wars would tend, to the great calamity not only of the Germans, but also of other nations, and trusting to find another way to help Rodolph and his adherents, sendeth down a commission by Udo, archbishop of Treves, Bernard a deacon, and Bernard, abbot of Marseilles, to whom he gave in charge that they should call together a council or sitting in Almany, and that there it should be defined to which party the empire should pertain, by most right and public consideration ; promising that what they should therein detennine, he (looking upon the matter through the authority of God omnipotent, and of St. Peter and St. Paul) Avould ratify the same. Moreover, for that no let nor impeachment should happen to the legates by the way, he giveth them letters to the princes and nations of Germany, whereof the contents be declared briefly in Platina, if any list to read them.
But the emperor would not permit the legates to have any council within Gennany, except they would first deprive Rodolph of his kingdom. The legates, considering that to be against the drift and intention of the pope, returned again from whence they came. The po])e hearing this, and seeing his purpose Avas thus disappointed by j«n.25ti), the emperor, [the emperor moreover being worsted in a third battle A.D.io«o. ^yjti, his adversary,]' draweth out another excommunication against him, and again bereaveth him of his kingdom ; sending about his letters exconimunicatory throughout all places, thinking thereby to farther the part of Rodolph the better. Platina hath in his book the whole effect of the writing, which tendeth after this sort.
(1) See Appendix.
THE EMl'EROK AC;AI\ EXCOMMUNICATED. ISl
•■ pTT'iii 1 • tf'illinm
The copy of the second excommunication oi Jiiidebrand against thfc,.,i.
tlic rjiupcror. _!
A D Blessed St. Peter, prince of the apostles, and thou St. Paul also, the teacher -i/^ofi
of the Gentiles, give ear unto me, I beseech you, a little, and gently hear
me, for you are the discijiles and lovers of truth ! The things that I shall say o pesti- ai-e true. This matter I take in hand for truth's sake, that my brethren, ^^°^^ whose salvation I seek, may the more obsequiously obey me, and better under- crite .' stand, how that I, trusting upon your defence, next to Christ, and his mother. The pnpe the immaculate Virgin, resist the wicked, and am ready to help the faithful, gj^'^pejej I did not enter tliis seat of mine own accord, but much against my will and to dis- Avith tears, for that I accoimted myself unwortliy to occupy so high a throne. }j?"°F And this I say, not that I have cliosen you, but you have chosen me, and ^nd s't^ have laid this great burden upon oiu" shoulders. And now, whereas by tliis Peter your assignment I have ascended up this hill, crying to the people, and showing b""letl» them their faults, and to the children of the church their iniquities, the ^ honnur members of Satan have risen up against me, and have laid hands together his king, to seek my blood. For tlie kings of the earth have risen up against me,' and Crocodili the princes of this world, with whom also have conspired certain of the clergy, ^"^" subjects against the Lord, and against us liis anointed, saying, " Let us break scripture asunder iheir bands, and cast off from us their yoke." This have they done well ap- against me, to bring me either to death or to banishment ; in the number of ^ "^ ' whom is Henry, whom they call king, the son of Henry the emperor, who pap,s,s hath lift up so proudly his horns and heel against the church of God, making mark conspiracy with divers otlier bishops, both Italians, French, and Germans ; l^fg^jjop^ against the pride of whom, liitlierto, your authority hath resisted ; who, rather ness of being broken than amended, coming to me in Cisalpina, made humble suit t'l^'irl^oly to me for pardon and absolution. I, thinking nothing else but true repentance in him, received him again to favour, and did restore him to the communion only, from which he was excommunicate ; but to his kingdom, from which in the synod of Rome he was worthily expelled, I did not restore him, nor to the rents and fruits thereof, that he might return to the faith again ; that I granted not to him. And tliat I did, for this puqiose, that if he should defer to fall to agreement with certain of liis neighbours whom he hath always vexed, and to restore again the goods both of the church and otherwise, then he might be compelled by tlie censures of the church and force of arms thereunto : wliereby divers and sundry bishops and princes of Germany (such as he had long troubled) being helped by this opportunity, elected Rodolph, their duke, to be king in the place of Henry, whom they for his transgressions had removed and despatched fi-om his empire. But Rodolph, first in this matter using a princely modesty and integrity, sent up his messengers to me, declaring how he is coastraincd (wild he, nild he) to take that regal government upon him, albeit he was not so desirous thereof, but that he would rather show himself obedient to us, than to the other that offered him the kingdom ; and, whatsoever our arbitrement should be therein, he would be under obedience both of God and of us. And, for more assxu-ance of his obedience, he hath sent his own As if he children hither for pledges. Upon this Henry began to snuff, and first entreated "et'^p^^y us to restrain and inliibit Rodoiph, througl: the pain of our curse, from the you, usurpation of his kingdom. I answered again, 1 woidd see whether of them ""^''^ had more right njid title thereunto, and so send our legates thitlier upon the them, same, to know the whole state of tlie matter ; and thereupon I would decide betwixt tliem, whether of them had the truer part. But Henry would not suffer our legates to come to take up the matter, and slew divers, both secular men, and of the clergy, spoiling and profaning churches ; and so by this means hath endangered himself in the bonds of excommunication. I, therefore, trusting in the judgment and mercy of God, and in the supportation of the blessed Virgin, also bold upon yom- authority do lay tlie sentence of curse upon the said Henry and all his adherents ; and here again I take his regal government from him, charging and forbidding all christian men that liave been sworn unto him, whom I discharge here of their oatli, that hereafter they obey him in
(1) A figure called uiTificTn/SoX;;, ciijus contrarium verum est. Vim faciuiit scripturis, ut plenitudlnem accipiant potestatis.
K 2
132 SENTENCE AGAINST THE POPE.
intiiam nothing, but that thej- take Rodolph to their king, who is elected by many iheCon- princes of tlie province. Tor so rijjlit it is and convenient, tliat as Henry, for ^"'''''"'- his pride and stubbornness, is deprived of his dignity and possession, so Rodolph, A. D. being grateful to all men, ibr his virtue and devoiion be exalted to the imperial 1080. throne and dominion.
Tiierefore, O you blessed princes of the apostles ! grant to this, and confirm
iobia?nc' with your authority what I iiave said, so that all men may understand, if you emperorB have power to bind and loose in heaven, you have also power in earth to give '•o'"i'^7 ""'^ ''^'^'* «'*"■">' c'Tp''"''^' kingdoms, principalities, and whatsoever here in earth i08»ucy* belongeth to mortal men. For if you have power to judge in suili matters as *'"> appertain to Ciod, wliat then should we think you have, of these inferior and
'NciTonr- profane things? And if it be in your power to judge the angels, ruling over imnicn- proud princes, what tlicn shall it beseem you to do upon their servants? There- '"'"■ fore let the kings understand by this e.xampic, and all other princes of the
this woild, what you be able to do in heaven, and what you are witli God ; that
clause thereby they may fear to contemn the commandment of lioly church. And his'torV^of "°^^ ^'^ J'"" exercise this judgment quickly upon Henry, whereby all men may the story see this son of iniquity to fall from his kingdom, not by any chance, but by ('/d'^''^r> -^"'"^ provision and only work. Notwithstanding, tliis I would crave of vou, hypocrite-! 'hat he, being brought to repentance through your intercession, still in the day Mar. rth, of judgment may find favour and grace with the Lord. — Actuna Komae, nonis A.D.1080. Martii, Indictione iii.
Fiirtliermorc, Hildebrand, not yet content witli this, interdictetli and deposeth also Guibert, archbi-sliop of Kavenna, for taking the cniperor''s part, commanding all priests to give no manner of obedi- ence to him, and sendeth thither to Kavenna another archbishop with full authority, counciiat Tiic cmpcror, on his part, calleth together a council or assembly the Tyrol, of divcrs bisliops of Italy, Lombaidy, and German v, at Brixcn, a.d. A.D.1080. ]080, where he purged himself, and accused the bishop Hildebrand of divers crimes, to be an usurper, perjured, a necromancer and sorcerer, a sower of discord ; complaining, moreover, of wrongs and injuries done by the bishop and church of Rome, in that the church of Rome preferred the bishop before him, when that his father, being emperor before him, had enthronized and set in divers and sundry pontiffs there by his assignment, without all others' election. And now this pontiff, contrary to his oath and i)romise made, thrust in liimself without the will and knowledge of him, being their king and magistrate. For, in the time of his father Henry HI., this Hildebrand, No bishop with others, bound themselves with a corporal oath, that so long as ran be ^ t^'c cinpcror and his son, then king of the Romans, should live, they w*i?hout s^'f'ulJ iieilher themselves presume, nor suffer any other, to aspire to Tt"t\T ^'"^ ^'^I^^' ^^^^' ^^'t^io^t the assent and approbation of the aforesaid emperor, cmperois ; which now this Hildebrand, contrary to his corporal oath, had done. Wiicrefore the aforesaid council, with one agreement, condemned this Gregory, that he should be deposed ; the tenor of which condenmation is thus expressed in the abbot Urspergensis.
The sentence of the council of Brixcn against Hildebrand.'
Because it is not unknown that this bishop was not elected of Ciod, but intruded himself by fraud and money, and hath subverted all ecclesiastical order, and hath distuibed the government of the christian empire, menacmg death of body and soul against our catholic and peaceable king, and hath set up and maintained a perjured king, sowing discord where concord was, causing debate amongst friends, slanders and ofl'ences amongst brethren, divorcements
('.) Ecition 15C3, p. 29.
DEATH or UODOLl'K. \SS
and separation amongst the married,' and finally disquieting the peaceable state wuiiam
ot all quiet lile : Therefore we, here in the name and auihority of God coiigre- "le c„n-
gated together, with the letters and sign-manual of nineteen bishops assembled ''"'''''"'■
on the day of Pentecost at Mentz, do proceed in canonical judgment against A. U.
Hildebrand, a man most wicked, preaching sacrilege and burning, maintaining losi. perjury and murders, calling in question the caiholic faith of the body and blood
of the Lord, a fbllavver of divination and dreams, a manifest necromancer, a j,,^?,^^*''^ sorcerer, and infected with a Pythonical spirit, and therefore departed from the and^di,- true faiih ; and we judge him to be deposed and expelled, and, unless he liearing P"'~''J' ''V this shall yield and depart the seat, to be perpetually condemned. — Enacted cii. vii. Calend. Julii, feria v., Indictione iii. [i.e. Thursday, June 25th, a.d. lOSO.]
This being enacted and sent to Rome, they elected Guibert, aich- bisliop of Ravenna, in the place of Hildebrand, to govern the church of Roine, named Clement III.
After and upon this, Henry and Rodolph, to try the matter by Fourth the sword, coped together in battle, not without bloodshed, where iJetwfxt Henry, by the favour of God, against the judgment of Hildebrand, ^•;|'jy had the victory. Rodolph there greatly wounded in the conflict, doiph. was had out of the army, and carried to Merseburg, where he com- a^d.iisd. manded the bishops and chief doers of his conspiracy to be brought ^^^^^ ^ before him. ^V'hen they came, lie lifted up his right hand in which at i.is he had taken his deadly w^ound, and said, " This is the hand which pemetif. gave the oath and sacrament unto Henry my prince, and which, 'x;he pope through your instigation, so oft hath fought against him in vain : now wa"* go and perform your first oath and allegiance to your king, for I must oodgir- to my fathers ;" and so died. Thus the pope gave battle, but God tory. *" gave the victory.
Henry, after his enemy had been thus subdued, and wars had ceased in Germany, forgat not the old injuries received of Hildebrand, by whom he was twice excommunicated, and expelled from his king- dom, and to whom he was three days making humble suit, yea, and that in sharp winter, but could fintl no favour with him. Besides that, he incited moreover, and aided his enemy against him. Where- fore when Hildebrand neither would give over his hold, nor give place to Clement, the emperor, gathering an army to send to Italy, came to Rome to depose Gregory, and to place Clement. But Hildebrand, sending to Matilda, the countess before mentioned, Thepope required her, in remission of all her sins, to withstand Henry the succnLr emperor: and so she did. Notwithstanding, Henry prevailing came ofhispa- to Rome on Whitsun-eve, where he besieged the city two years, and The iir-t got it June 2d, a.d. 108o,^ the Romans being compelled to open the to fight "^ gates unto him ; so he coming to the temple of St. Peter, there placeth ^'"^ ^^""^'
sion of be-
Clcment in his papacy. Hildebrand straight flieth into Adrian's tower >•i"^''«
111 ffsn in
with his adherents, where he, being beset round about, at length send- niide- eth f jr Robert Guiscard, his friend, a Norman. In the mean time, ^""''" while Robert collecteth his power, the abbot of Clugny, conferring a.d.ios4, with Gregory, exhorteth him to crown Henry emperor in Lateran ; which if he would do, the other promiseth to bring about, that Henry should depart with his array into Germany; whereunto the people of Rome also did likewise move him. To whom Gregory answered, " That he was content so to do, but upon condition that the emperor would submit himself to ask pardon, to amend his fault, and to promise
(1) For he took away the marriage of priests, as Ulric Mutius witnesseth. [See Appendix!
(2) Sec Appendix.
131 DKATir t)K Wir.I.IA.M THE CONQUEROK.
William obedience." The emperor not agreeing to those conditions, went to vurroT Sienna, taking Clement, the newly stalled pope, with him.
After the return of the emperor, the aforesaid Robert Guiscard,
H)8" approaching with his soldiers, burst in at one of the gates, and
spoileth the city, and not long alter delivereth Hildebrand out of
a.u.iom: his enemies' iiands, and carried him away to Campagna, where he not long continuing, afterwards died in exile.'
Antoninus writeth, that Hildebrand, as he did lie a dying, called to liim one of his chief cardinals, bewailing to him his fault and misordcr of his spiritual ministry, in stirring up discord, war, and dissension ; whereupon he desired the cardinal to go to the emperor, and desire of him forgiveness, absolving from the danger of excommunication both him and all his partakers, both quick and dead. Hiide- Thus liast tliou, genllc reader, the full history of Pope Gregory
au'thor"** VII., Called Hildebrand, which I have laid out more at large, and fronofaii dcsirc thcc to mark, because that from this pope, if thou mark well, misrule, spriugetli all the occasions of mischief, of pomp, pride, stoutness, presumption, and tyranny, which since that time have reigned in his successors hitherto, in the cathedral church of the Romish clergy. For here came first the subjection of the temporal regiment under the spiritual jurisdiction ; and emperors, which before were their masters, now are made their underlings. Also here came in the suppression of priests' marriage, as is sufficiently declared. Here came in, moreover, the authority of both the swords spiritual and secular into spiritual men''s hands ; so that christian magistrates could do nothing in election, in giving bishoprics or benefices, in calling councils, in hearing and correcting the excesses of the clergy, but only the pope must do all. Yea, moreover, no bishop or pastor in his own parish could excommunicate or exercise any discipline among his flock, but only the pope challenged that prerogative to himself. Finally, here came in the first example to persecute emperors and kings with rebellion and excommunication, as the clergy themselves hereafter do testify and witness in proceeding against Paschal. Thus, these notes being well observed, let us, by the grace of Christ, now repair again to our country history of England.
Thedcath About thc death of Pope Hildebrand, or not long after, followed ti?e^co,r •^l^e death of King William the Conqueror, a.d. 1087, after he had queror, rcigucd in England the space of one and twenty years and ten
Sept. 9th, ° , „„ O p 1 • ^ • 1 11 1 • • 1 . 1 il •
A.D.iosr. montlis. 1 he cause or his sickness and deatli is said to be tins : for that Philip, the French king, npon a time jesting said, that " King William lay in childbed, and nourished his fiit belly." To this the aforesaid William, hearing thereof, answered again and said, " When he should be churched, he would offer a thousand candles to him in France, wherewithal the king should have little joy." AVhereupon King William, in the month of July, when the corn, fruit, and grapes, were most flourishing, entered into France, and set on fire many cities and towns in tlie west side of France. And lastly, coming to the city of Mantes,*^ where he, burning a woman being as a recluse in a wall enclosed (or as some say, two men anchorites
(1) Platina, Nauclerus, Sahellicus, Cranlzius, Heiino, &c.
(2) I'oxc erroneously says Meaux, following Fabian and Grafton, who add " he fired it, and hrent a part thereof, with thc chiircheof our Lady, wlicreinhe brcnte a woman, being closed in the walle of the said churche, a« a recluse." Malmesbury says she would not, for devotion, quit " spilceum •uum," her ceil. — I'd."
CHARACTER OF VVILLIAJI THK CON'aUEROR. 13,5
enclosed) was so fervent and furious about the fire, tliat with the miuam heat partly of the fire, partly of the time of year, he fclj sick and died. "^//","
By the life and acts of this king it may appear true, as stories ■-
of him report, that he was wise, but guileful ; rich, but covetous ; a j^ J^^^'
fair spealcer, but a great dissembler ; glorious in victory, and strong •
in arms, but rigorous in oppressing those whom he overcame, and in levying of tasks passing all others ; insomuch that he caused to be enrolled and numbered in his treasury every hide of land and J^J'"^'",^ owner thereof, what fruit and revenues surmounted of every lord- ship, of every township, castle, village, field, river, and wood, within the realm of England. Moreover, how many parish churches, how many living cattle there were, what and how much every baron in the realm could dispend, what fees were belonging, what wages were taken, &c. : the tenor and contents of which taskment yet remaineth in rolls. After this tasking or numbering, resd- which was in the year before his death, followed an exceeding murrain Engfajui of cattle and barrenness of the gi-ound, with much pestilence and hot ^^^'"/"' fevers among the people, so that such as escaped the fever were con- beasts, sumed with famine. Moreover, at the same season, among certain London other cities, a great part of the city of London, with the chmx-h church of of St. PauFs, was wasted with fire, a.d. 1085. I'mlt!"^'
In hunting and in parks the aforesaid king had such pleasure, that in the county of Southampton, for the space of thirty miles, he cast down churches and townships, and there made the New Forest ; loving his deer so dearly, as though he had been to them a father, making sharp laws for the increasing thereof, under pain of losing both the eyes. So hard he was to Englishmen, and so favourable to his own country, that as there was no English bishop remaining, but only Wolstan of Worcester, he, being commanded of the king and Lan- j^jTlJ^'^Uj. franc to resign his staff, partly for inability, partly for lack of the worces- French tongue, refused to resign it, except to him that gave it, ''"'• and so went" to the tomb of King Edward, where he thought to resign it, but was permitted to enjoy it still ; so likewise in his days there was almost no Englishman that bare office of honour or rule in the land, insomuch that it Avas half a shame at that time to be called an Englishman. Notwithstanding he a good deal favoured the city of London, and granted unto the citizens the first charter that ever they had, written in the Saxon, sealed with green wax, and contained in few lines.
Among his other conditions, this in him is noted, that so given England he was to peace and quiet, that any maiden being laden with gold or fro^nr'"'" silver, might pass through the whole realm without harm or resistance, "sieves. This William in his time builded two monasteries, one in England, The ab- at Battle in Sussex, where he won the field against Harold, called the Battle abbey of Battle ; another beside, named the abbey of Oaen, in nlmids^ey. his country of Normandy.
After the life and story of King William, thus briefly described, with the acts and order of battle between him and King Harold (although much more might have been wTitten of that matter, if the book had come sooner to my hands, which afterwards I saw), now remaineth in the end of this story to describe the names of such barons and nobles of Normandy, as entered with him into
136
LIST OF THE NORMANS AT
tkf Con gurror
H-.z/iam tliis land, as wi-11 of tlicm who were embarked with him ; and also " the slain, as appeareth, in the battle ; as also of those who were planted and advanced, bv the s;iid eon(iueror, in the lands and possessions of 1087 l'^^"^''i^l> lor'K whom he either expelled, or else beheaded : the — names of which Normans here follow underwritten.
Out of the Jinuils of Xonnandi/, in French, whereof one very ancient book in
parchment rcmaineth in the custody of the writer. Til" (lav after the battle, very early in the morning, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, sune mass for tliose that were departed. The duke, after tliat, desirous to know tiie state of his battle, and what people he had therein lost and were slain he caused to come imto him a clerk who had written their names when thev were embarked at St. Valeries, and conmianded him to call them all by their names, who called tliein that had been at the battle, and had passed the seas with Duke William. And hereafter follow their names.
THE NAMES OF THOSE THAT WERE AT THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux. Robert, conte de Mor- taign. These two were bretliren unto Duke William by their mo- ther. Baudwin de Buillon, Roger, conte de Beau- mont, surnamed ' With the Beard,' of whom descended the line of Meullent. Guillaume Malet, Le sire de Monfort sur
RiUe, Guillaume de Viexpont, Neel de S. Sauvcur le vi-
conte, Le sire de Fougiers, Henry seigneur de Fe-
rieres, Le sire Daiibemare, Guillaume, sire de Rom- mare, Le sire de Lithehare, Le sire de Touque, Le sire de la Mare, Le sire de Neauhou, Le sire de Pirou, Robert, sire de Beaufou, Le sire Danou, Le sire de Soteuille, Le sire de Margneville, Le sire de Tancarville, Eustace Danibleville, Le sire dc Marngneville, Le sire de Grantmcsnil, Guillaume Cres])in, Le sire de S. Martin, Guillaume de Moulins, Le sire de Puis, Geoffray, sire de Mayenne, Auffioy de Bohon, AufTroy ct Mangier de
Cartrait, Guillaiuiie de Garrennes,
Hue de Gournay, sire de Bray,
Le conte Hue de Gournay,
Euguemont de I'aigle,
Le viconte do Touars,
Richard Dauvertnchin,
Le sire de Biars,
Le sire de Solligny,
Le bouteiller Daubigny,
Le sire de Maire,
Le sire de Vitry,
Le sire de Lacy,
Le sire du val Dary,
Le sire de Tracy,
Hue, sire de Montfort,
Le sire de Piquegny,
Hamon de Kayeu,
Le sire de Despinay,
Le sire de Port,
Le sire de Torcy,
Le sire de Jort,
Le sire de Rivicrs,
Guillaume Moyonne,
Raoul Tesson de Tingue- leiz,
Roger Marmion,
Raoul de Guel,
Avenel des Byars,
PaennelduMonstier Hu- bert,
Robert, Bertran le Tort,
Le sire de Senile,
Le sire de Dorival,
Le sire de Breval,
Le sire de S. Jehan,
Le sire de Bris,
Le sire du Homme,
Le sire de Sauchoy,
Le sire de Cailly,
Le sire de Scmilly,
Le sire de Tilly,
Le sire de RomcUi,
Marq. de Basqueville,
Le sire de Preaidx,
Le sire de Gonis,
Le sire de Sanceaulx,
Le sire de Moulloy, Le sire de Monceaulx.
The Archers du val du Ruel, and of Bretheul, and of many other places.
Le sire de S. Saen, i. de
S. Sydonio, Le sire de la Kiviere, Le sire de Salnarville, Le sire de Rony, Eude de Bcaugieu, Le sire de Oblie, Le sire de Sacie, Le sire de Nassie, Le Visquaius de Chaymes, Le sire du Sap, Le sire de Glos, Le sire dc Mine, Le sire de Glanvillc, Le sire de Breen^on, Le Vidam de Partay, Raoul de Morimont, Pierre de Bailleul, sire de
Fiscamp, Le sire de Beausault, Le sire de Tillieres, Le sire de Pacy, Le seneschal dc Torcy, Le sire de Gacy, Le sire de Doully, Le sire de Sacy, Le sire de Vacy, Le sire de Tourneeur, Le sire de Pracrcs, Guil. de Coulombieres, Hue, sire de Bollebec, Richard sire Dorbeck, Le sire de Bonneboz, Le sire de Tresgoz, Le sire de Montfujuet, Hue le Bigot de Maletot, Le sire de la Haye, Le sire de Mombray,
THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.
Le sire de Saye,
Le sire de la Ferte,
Boutevillain,
Troussebout,
Guillaume Patric de la
Laimd, Hue de Mortemer, Le sire Danvillers, Le sire Donncbaut, Le sire de S. Cler. Rob. le filz Herne3's, diu;
d'Orleans, Le sire de Harecourt, Le sire de Crevecoeur,
Le sire de Deyncourt, Le sire de Brimetot, Le sire Combray, Le sire Daunay, Le sire de Foutenay. Le conte Deureux, Le sire de Rebelchil, Alain Fergant, conte de
Bretaigne, Le sire de S. Vallery, Le conte Deu, Gualtier Clifford, conte de
Longeville, Le sire Destouteville,
Le conte Thomas Daub-
malle, Giiill., conte de Hoymcs et
Darqucs, Le sire de Bereville, Le sire de Breante, Le sire de Freanville, Le sire de Pavilly, Le sire de Clei"e, Toustan dii Bee, Le sire Maiigny, Roger de Montgomery, Aniaury de Touars : —
137
Willinm lie. Con- queror.
A.l). 1()S7.
Over and besides the great number of knights and esquires that were under them; in the same battle between the said William the Bastard, duke of Nor- mandy, on the one part, and King Haj-old, on the other part, there were slain on King Harold's side, of Englishmen, 66,654; and on Duke William's side, there were slain 6,013 men, as is to be found in the Chronicle of St. Peter of Westminster, besides those that were drowned in the river Thames.
^Vhen the abovenamed and many other great lords were so called, some of them appeared, and others did not, for some of them were slain there in the field, and others so wounded, that they could not come forth to show them- selves. Then gave the duke commandment that the dea^l should be buried, and diose that were sick comforted, and eased the best that might.
Out of the ancietit Chronicles of England., touching the names of other Normans who seemed to remain alive after the battle, and loho were advanced to the seigniories of this land.
John de Maundevile, Adam Undevile, Bernard de Frevile, Richard de Rochvile, Gilbard de Frankvile, Hugo de Dovile, Symond de Rotevile, R. de Evyle,
B. de Knevuile, Hugo de Morvile, R. de Colevile,
A. de War- vile,