part 1. Manila. 1905.

Sarasin, Paul and Fritz Sarasin. Reisen in Celebes .. . 1893 — 1896 und
1902—1903. 2 vols. Wiesbaden. 1905. Schadenberg, Alexander. Die Bewohner von Sud-Mindanao und der Insel
Samal. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, Bd. 17, pp. 8—37, 45—57. Seligmann, C. G. The Melanesians of British New Guinea. Cambridge. 1910. Skeat, Walter William. Malay Magic. London. 1900.
and Blagden, Chaples Otto. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula.
2 vols. London. 1906. Somadeva: The Katha sarit sagara; tr. by C. H. Tawney. 2 vols. Calcutta.
1880—1884. Sternberg, Leo. The Inao Cult of the Ainu. Boas anniversary volume
pp. 425—437. New York. 1906. SwETTENHAM, Frank Athelstane. Malay Sketches. 3d ed. London and
New York. 1903. . Vocabulary of the English and Malay languages. 2 vols. London.
1896—1901. vol. 1, 4th rev. ed. 1901. Thurston, Edgar. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India. London. 1912. United States. Bureau of the Census: Census of the Philippine Islands. 4 vols.
Washington. 1905.
War Department: Annual report, 1908, vol. 7. Washington. 1909.
Venturillo, Manuel Hugo. Manners and Customs of the Tag-banuas and
other Tribes of the Island of Palawan . . . tr. by Mrs. E. Y. Miller. Smith- sonian miscellaneous collections, vol. 48, pp. 514—558. Washington. 1907. Warneck, Joh. Die Religion der Batak. Leipzig. 1909. (Religions-Urkunden
der Volker, hrsg. von Julius Boehmer, Abth. 3, Bd. 1.)
INDEX. =*=
Names of Authors and other Persons in Heavy-face Type. Titles of Papers in small caps.
Abaca, Musa textilis, see Hemp. Abbeville, Sanson d', Map by , 250-251 . Abog, god of the hunt, 23, 499. Abuy, myth animal, 40, 62, 227. Adolescence, Ceremonies of, 270-271. Aduarte, Diego de, O. P., cited, 36, 39, 41, 80, 247, 248, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 279 (bibl.). ^Esthetic interests, 72-73.
tabu, 243-244. Agong altar, see Sonaran.
ceremonial, see Sonar, Rite of. containing water, 126, 127, 128,
130-131. used as unit of barter, 84. Agongs, Description of, 83-84.
in marriage ceremony, 181-182,
183, 184, 185. Illustration of, 146.
Agongs, Manner of playing, 84-85. Names of, 133, 146. References to, 77, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 117, 144, 163,164,175, 176, 222, 245, 253. Agricultural offerings, 8, 11, 89, 226,
253, 272-273. Alang, a charm, 204, 231. Alat, a charm, 182, 183, 184,204,207. All, Datu, References to, 4, 5. Altar shelf, 77, 91, 103. Altars, see Shrines and altars. American government,Bagobo attempts to please, 97, 166, 186-187. lady, First at Talun, 203. Museum of Natural History, 208. rites. Questions concerning, 110. Americans ascend Apo without charms, 32.
^''^Bagobo words used in this paper are accented on the penultimate unless an accent mark is placed on some other syllable. The stress is usually very slight. The vowels have in general their continental sounds {a as in ah, etc.), but « before a final m (ginum) is regularly short, as in English numb, and unaccented a before final n is almost lost. When marked short, a, e, t, o, u are broadly equivalent to the same short vowels in English. As for the diphthongs, ai is sounded as in aisle; ei as in eight, au like ota in now. Initial Y in proper names (Yting) is like / spoken rapidly and with little stress, or slurred over; medial t/ is like English y, but is kept well back in the throat. All final vowels are sounded. In regard to consonantal phonetic values, the surds t, p and k, and the sonants d, b and g are given much as in English, but k and b are uttered rather explosively. Velars, while stressed and explosive, are not sounded very low down in the pharynx. An initial velar seems often to be cut off by stopping the breath. M and n follow the usual nasal type. The combination ng is like ng in wing; under no circumstances is it sounded like ng in single, unless a second g is added, as in the exclamation "Oh manggo !" ("Yes, indeed"). L is given from the tip of the tongue, and with stress. R tends to be trilled. S is as in the initial of sill. IF is soft, as in bower. No attempt is made in this outline to indicate by exact symbols the finer shades of Bagobo phonetics.
284
ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Americans created by Pamulak Manobo, 105. Labor demands of, 5. not wanted at Ginum, 202. protected by Bagobo gods, 21, 29, 200. Amulets, 206, 207.
Ancestors, Filipino beliefs concerning, 33, 63, 193, 194, 265. Myths of Bagobo, 65-74. Tabu on using names of, 239. Animals, Death of, an omen, 98, 238, 246.
Domestic, 6, 41. Fabulous, 31, 38-4^, 227. Magical potency of, 41, 217. Souls of, 64, 270. Tabu relating to, 45-46, 64, 238, 243. Animistic conceptions, 18, 43-45, 268. Anito addressed in worship, 115-116, 123, 125, 129. Characteristics of, 28, 193-194. Filipino ideas of, 39,193,194,261. Head of all the, 15, 110. References to, 39, 100, 102, 103,
126, 159, 170, 204, 264. seance, see Manganito. Ankermann, B., 67. Ansig, Datu, 169. Anthropomorphic forms of Buso, 29,
34-38. Anting-anting, 216. Antiphons, 82, 184-185, 253, 259. See
also Ceremonial chant. Antlers of Buso deer, Illustration and
symbolism of, 113. Apo, Mount, 25, 31-32, 34, 168, 251. Archivo GifiNERAL DE India, Map in,
251. Areca nut as medicine, 196, 231, 233. buried with body, 53-54, 190. Ceremonial use of, 11, 30, 53, 62, 77, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104-113, 119-120, 143, 151, 154, 168, 174, 177, 183, 184, 198, 209. chewed by gods, 15.
Areca nut, Dead restored to life by, 62. References to, 69, 165, 166. Spiritual essence of, 53-54. Areca palm, Af^eca catechu, 80. in lower world, 55. Sprays of, used ceremonially, 88, 117, 120, 135, 159, 198. Arrows offered to the god, 23, 197, 199. Artieda, Diego de, cited, 170, 263,264,
279 (bibl.) Aryan elements in Bagobo myth, see
under caption, Indian. Ashes as cure, 231, 232. Association, Charms by, 205, 208-217. Asuang, Visayan demon, 40, 42-43,
255, 261. Ata tribe, 29, 86, 105, 150, 265. Atharya Veda, Citations from, 34, 221,
273. AvESTAS, Citations from, 20, 120, 189,
231, 272, 273. Awas, Rite of, 62, 98, 102, 103, 104, 115, 198, 229.
Main, Account of, 111-113. Preliminary, Account of, 105-111. Supplementary, 105, 144. Awi, 148, 149, 162. Ayo, Datu, 78.
Babies carried in scarf, 86, 242. grow tall magically, 72. not found in time of the Mona, 66. Sacral spots on, 218. suckled in lowei* world, 56-57. Tongue and eyelashes of, used for
charm, 213-214. Weaning and feeding of, 57, 164. Bagani, brave men, 10, 132, 144, 145,
254, 255, 256, 264. Bagobo culture, 3-6.
genealogies, 251-252. history, 5, 161-162, 251-252. intermarriage with other tribes,
185, 186. literature, 13, 69-74, 273-274, 275, 277. See also Ulit. Bagobo Myths, Citations from, see Benedict, Laura Watson.
BENEDICT, BAGOBO CEBEMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH 285
Bagobo objects not to be sold, 199. religion
Characterization of, 6, 8-12. * Indo-Iranian elements in, 272- 276. Lines of development of, 252. Polytheistic character of, 13-29,
44-45. Sacrificial character of, 8. See
also. Sacrifice, Human. Similarity of, to Filipino relig- ions, 257-267, 278. Similarity of, to other wild tribes of Mindanao, 253-257. songs, 17, 18, 23^ 69-71, 72, 164- 165, 192, 271, 273, 277. See also Ceremonial chant; Chanting at seance- stories cited, 16, 31-32, 73-74. References to, 7, 16, 35, 192, 277. Typical features of, 69-73. tradition. Dawn of, 73. See also Ulit. Balanan, vessels for sugar cane liquor,
103, 149. Balekat, hanging altar, 90-91, 104, 135, 137-138, 152, 163,200,201,237, 272. Balekayo, a variety of bamboo, 88, 99, 103, 114, 116, 120, 125,126,135-136, 149, 164. Balinsugu, a demon, 29, 36-37, 199. Baliti tree, Ficus, 33, 43, 48, 86, 254,
262. Bamboo, Bamhusa (Bagobo Kawayan). Boxes and rice cases of, 42, 209,
221. Ceremonial poles of, 10, 27, 76, 82, 83, 103, 104, 131-135, 147, 149, 152, 158-159, 162, 164,198,237, 271. Digging sticks of, 172-173. Fence around shrine of, 174, 207. Filipino ceremonial boats of, 63,
263. Furniture of, 72, 100. Sheath of, for writing, 267.
Bamboo, Trap of, 191, 228.
Use of, for shrine, 88, 269. See
also Tambara. Use of, in house construction, 67,
90, 96. Varieties of, 27, 131-132. Vessels of, for ceremonial food, 76, 79, 103, 138, 139, 141, 149, 271. Water flasks of, 101, 124. Bamboos, All-knowing One of the, 199. Banana, Musa sapientum, leaf a cure for stings, 228-229.
not used for ceremonial dishes, 81.
References to, 49, 63, 67,188,191.
trunk substituted for corpse, 32-33.
Bansag, 132, 147.
Bansalan, Bagobo town, 7, 95, 162, 203.
Datu of, 141, 148. Bauua, the world, 255.
country of the dead, 54, 56-57. Baranguy, 4, 258. Baris, a plant, 198, 218. Bark as medicine, 232, 234.
clothing, 66-67. Barter, 84, 167. Batak tribe, 47, 279. Batatas edulis, see Camote. Bathing (padigus), 183. For ceremonial
lavation, see Pamalugu. Bawi, medicine, 204, 231. See also Charms and magic; Disease and healing. Bed for guests, 100, 152. Bees, Myths of, 22, 23.
smoked out by Bagobo, 163, 233. sought for as food, 22-23. Souls of, 64. Sting of, 213, 228. Beeswax, 22, 69, 163, 215. Bejuco, see Rattan. Bells, Ceremonial use of, 172, 198,258.
References to, 22, 69, 184. Benedict, Laura Watson, cited, 7, 16, 17, 30, 33, 35-36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 54, 57, 58, 61-62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 88, 181,192,199,208,213, 214, 217, 242, 249, 279 (bibl.)
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ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Benua, peninsular tribe, 234. Berawan, tribe of Sarawak, 160, 171,
271. Betel, Piper betel, box, 22, 53, 54, 176. juice for embalming, 189. leaf buried with body, 53-54, 190. Ceremonial use of, 11, 30, 31, 53, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 103, 104- 113, 119-120, 151, 154, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183, 184, 191, 192, 198, 229, 261. References to, 80, 117, 126, 188. Ritual over, 80-81, 104, 153. Spiritual essence of, 53. Use of, in healing and charms, 196, 203, 218, 220, 231, 233. Beyer, H. Otley, cited, 41, 45, 46, 47,
71, 267, 279. Bia, First born daughter of the Mona called, 67. Noble lady of the myths called,
69, 70, 73. Sefiora called, 199. Biaii nuts, 77, 100, 103, 139-140. Bier, 189, 192. Bikol tribe, 257. Bila-an altar, 93, 173-174.
tribe, 46, 105, 118, 126, 150, 165,
185, 192, 242, 244, 250, 254, 256.
Bile of serpents as medicine, 213, 234.
Bird, Blood of a, to anoint the sick,
266.
dances, 86.
Metaphorical reference to, 71. Nest of a, as medicine, 226, 232. Rain called by a, 71. Birds, as omens, 270. See also Limokun. Fabulous, 31, 40, 47, 74, 214-215,
245, 274. Souls of, 64. Black magic, 213-214, 219-221.
men at the door of the sun, 67. river of the lower world, 54, 55, 56, 59. Blacksmith, Shrine at forge of, 27. Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson,
James Alexander, cited, 4, 10,16,19,
22, 26, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 49, 57, 58, 63, m, 70, 80, 88, 92, 95, 116, 162, 167, 169, 170, 171,175,17^,179, 185, 188, 189, 192, 193,206,217,220, 221, 223, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266,267,275,276, 279 (bibl.)
Blood, Bia not of Bagobo, 199.
feud, 10, 264.
of a bird, 266.
offered to a god, 11,161,169,241.
Spitting of, 221. Blumentritt, Ferdinand, cited, 16, 19,
23, 29, 33, 37-38, 280 (bibl.) Boas, Franz, references to, 134, 188,
228, 277. Boat, in Visayan rites, 63, 263.
shaped dishes, 81, 104, 106. See also under Leaf dishes. Bobadilla, Diego de, S. J., cited, 57,
259, 274-275, 279 (bibl.) Bohol island, 40, 170. Bongat, a charm, 221, Borneo, Myths and traditions of, 33, 37, 45, 65.
Rites and sacrifices in, 160, 171,
271, 278. Sultan of, 266. Tabu on names in, 239. Taking heads in, 160, 161, 171, 271. See also Sarawak. Borrowing of material objects, 182, 185. of cultural elements and myth,
173-174, 256, 257, 277. See also Diffusion. Bourne, E. G., cited, 267. Bowls and plates used in worship,
see Ceremonial dishes. Boy, Dead body of, left in the house, 192.
White-haired, appears in dream, 249. Boys, Ceremonial food for, 138,140-141, 150.
Digging stick used by, 173. Filing teeth of, 271.
BENEDICT, BAGOBO CEREMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH
287
Boys, Help given to Singan by, il7.