I. N. R. I. The initials of the Latin sentence which was placed

upon the Cross : Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judseorum. The Rosi- crucians used them as the initials of one of their hermetic secrets : Igne Natura Renovatur Integra — " By fire nature is perfectly renewed."* They also adopted them to express the names of their three elementary principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury, by making them the initials of the sentence, Igne Nitram Run's
■■■ Cours Philusophique ct Interprets tit' dea Initiations, i>. 323.
INS— INT 219
Invenitur. Ragon finds in the equivalent Hebrew letters "**)jp the initials of the Hebrew names of the ancient elements ; Iami- mm } water, JVour, fire, Ruach, air, and IehscJiah, earth.
These speculations may afford some interest to the Hose Croix Mason and the Knight Templar.
INSPECTOR. See Sovereign Grand Inspector General
INSTALLATION. The officers of a lodge, before they can proceed to discharge their functions, must be installed. The of- ficers of a new lodge are installed by the Grand Master, or by some Past Master deputed by him to perform the ceremony. For- merly the Master was installed by the Grand Master, the Wardens by the Grand Wardens, and the Secretary and Treasurer by the Grand Secretary and Treasurer, but now this custom is not con- tinued. At the election of the officers of an old lodge, the Mas- ter is installed by his predecessor or some Past Master present, and the Master elect then instals his subordinate officers. No officer after his installation can resign. At his installation the Master receives the degree of Past Master. It is a law of ma- sonry that all officers hold on to their respective offices until their successors are installed.
INSTRUCTION, LODGE OF. These are assemblies of brethren congregated without a warrant of constitution, under the direction of a Lecturer or skilful brother for the purpose of im- provement in masonry, which is accomplished by the frequent rehearsal of the work and lectures of each degree. These bodies should consist exclusively of Master Masons, and though they pos- sess no masonic power, it is evident to every Mason that they are extremely useful, as schools of preparation for the duties that are afterwards to be performed in the regular lodge.
INTENDANT OF THE BUILDINGS. Intendant des Br-
timents. This degree is sometimes called " Master in Israel."
are
i-
220 INT— IRI
It is the eighth in the Ancient Scotch rite. Its emblematic colour is red, and its principal officers are a Thrice Puissant representing Solomon, a Senior Warden representing the illustrious Tito, one of the Harodim, and a Junior Warden representing Adoniram the son of Abda. In the history of the degree, we are told that it was instituted to supply a great loss well known to Master Masons
INTIMATE SECRETARY. Secretaire intime. The sixth degree m the ancient Scotch rite. Its emblematic colour is black, strewed with tears, and its collar and the lining of the apron i red. Its officers are only three : Solomon, King of Israel ; H ram, King of Tyre j and a Captain of the Guards. Its history records an instance of unlawful curiosity, the punishment of which was only averted by the previous fidelity of the offender.
INVESTITURE. See Apron.
IONIC ORDER. Next to the Doric the oldest order among the Greeks. It is more delicate and graceful than the Doric, and more majestic than the Corinthian. Its column is fluted with twenty-four channels, the abacus is scooped on the side, and the principal ornaments of its capital are its two spiral volutes. The ar- chitectural judgment and skill displayed in its composition as an intermediate order, between the rude massiveness of the Doric and the extraneous beauty of the Corinthian, has occasioned it to be adopted as the column of Wisdom that supports the lodge. Its appropriate situation and symbolic officer are in the E.\
IRISH DEGREES. The establishment of certain degrees, called by this title, such as the Irish Master, Perfect Irish Master, Puissant Irish Master, and many others of a similiar nature, was an attempt on the part of the adherents of the exiled house of Stuart, to give to Freemasonry a political bias, and to enlist the
ISH— IZA 221
members of the fraternity on the side of King James, and his son the pretender.
ISH CHOTZEB. The hewers who were engaged in felling timber on Mt. Lebanon for the building of Solomon's temple. They amounted to 80,000. See 1 Kings v. 15, and 2. Chron. ii. 18. Webb calls them Fellow Crafts, but Webb's arrangement of the workmen at the temple is not a correct one.
ISH S ABAL. The bearers of burdens at the building of the temple. They amounted to 70,000. See 1 Kings v. 15, and 2. Chron. ii. 18. They are the Entered Apprentices of Webb, but the old writers say that they were not masons, but the descend- ants of the ancient Canaanites.
ISH SOUDY. It is a corrupted form of the Hebrew &*$ )*")}£), ish sodij "a man who is my confidant or familiar friend;" and hence it is masonically interpreted to signify " a man of my choice" or " a select mason." A similar expression is to be found in Job. xix. 19, rnati sodi, that is," the men of my intimacy, uor as it has been translated in the common version " my inward friends."
IZABUD. Properly Zahud. He is mentioned in 1 Kings, iv. 5, as " the principal officer 'and the king's friend." Kitto, speaking of the position held by Izabud or Zabud in the house- hold of Solomon, says that the term " king's friend"' implies the possession of the utmost confidence of, and familiar intercourse with, the monarch, to whose person "the friend" at all times has access, and whose influence is therefore often greater, even in mat- ters of state, than that of the recognised ministers of government."* Zabud, under the corrupted name of Izabud, is an important per-
* Cyckped. Bib. Literat. in voc. Zabud. See also Ja-hn, Bib. Arcbaec1.
2 236. IV.
19*
222 JAC
sonage in the degree of Select Master, where his peculiar position in the household of King Solomon is correctly defined according to the definition of Kitto.
JACHIN. The name of the right hand pillar that stood at the porch of King Solomon's temple. It is derived from two Hebrew words, rp jali, "God" and fO* iacJiin, "will establish." It signifies, therefore, " God will establish."
JACOB'S LADDER. When Jacob, by the command of his
father Isaac, was journeying towards Padan-aram, while sleeping one night with the bare earth for his couch and a stone for his pillow, he beheld the vision of a ladder whose foot rested on the earth and its top reached to heaven. Angels were continually ascending and descending upon it, and promised him the blessing of a numerous and happy posterity. When Jacob awoke, he was filled with pious gratitude, and consecrated the spot as the house of God.*
This ladder, so remarkable in the history of the Jewish people, has also occupied a conspicuous place among the symbols of ma- sonry. Its true origin was lost among the worshippers of the Pagan rites, but the symbol itself, in various modified forms, was retained. Among them it was always made to consist of seven rounds, which might, as Oliver suggests, have been in allusion either to the seven stories of the Tower of Babel, or to the Sab- batical period. In the Persian mysteries of Mithras, the ladder of seven rounds was symbolical of the soul's approach to perfec- tion. These rounds were called gates, and in allusion to them
Genesis, ch. xxv.ii.
J AC 223
the candidate was made t_> pass through seven dark and winding caverns, which process was called the ascent of the ladder of per- fection. Each of these caverns was the representative of a world, or state of existence through which the soul was supposed to pass in its progress from the first world to the last, or the world of truth. Each round of the ladder was said to be of metal of in- creasing purity, and was dignified also with the name of its pro- tecting planet. Some idea of the construction of this symbolic ladder may be stained from the following table :
7 Gold,
Sun,
Truth.
6 Silver,
Moon,
Mansion of the Blessed.
5 Iron,
Mars,
World of Births.
4 Tin,
Jupiter,
Middle World.
3 Copper;
Venus,
Heaven.
2 Quicksilver,
Mercury,
World of Pre-existence.
1 Lead,
Saturn,
First World.
Thus, too, in all the mysteries of the ancients, we find some allusion to this sacred ladder, requiring, it is true, in some in- stances, considerable ingenuity to trace the identity. Even in the Edda of the Scandinavians we find the great tree Ygdrasil, which Dr. Oliver concludes, for the most sufficient reasons, to be ana logons with the ladder of Jacob.
Among the Hebrews the staves of the ladder were originally supposed to be infinite. The Essenians first reduced them to seven, which were called the Sephiroth, whose names were Strength, Mercy, Beauty, Eternity, Grlory, the Foundation, and the Kingdom.
Among Freemasons the principal rounds only are named, and they are Faith, Hope, and Charity, because masonry is founded upon Faith in Glod, Hope of Immortality, and Charity to all mankind. But of these, Charity is the greatest; for Faith ends in sight, Hope terminates in fruition, but Charity extends beyond the grave. It is by the practice of these virtues that the Mason expects to find access to Him who is the subject of Faith, the object of Hope, and the eternal fountain of Charity. Hence it is
224 JAC— JEH
symbolically sal 1, that Masons hope to reach the clouded canopy of their lodge by the assistance of Jacob's Theological Ladder.
JACQUES DE MOLAY. The celebrated Grand Master of the Knights Templar at the time of their suppression by Philip the Fair and Pope Clement V. De Molay was elected Grand Master in 1297, and suffered martyrdom by being burnt to death on the 18th of March, 1314. See Knights Templar.
JAH. The Syriac name of God. It was also used by the Hebrews as an abbreviation of Jehovah, and seems to have been well known to the Gentile nations as the triliteral name of God ; for, although biliteral among the Hebrews, it assumed among the Greeks the triliteral form, as IAQ. Macrobius, in his Saturnalia, says that this was the sacred name of the Supreme Deity, and the Clarian Oracle being asked which of the gods was Jao, replied, " The initiated are bound to conceal the mysterious secrets. Learn thou that I Aft is the Great God Supreme who ruleth over all." See the word Jehovah.
JEHOSAPHAT. The Valley of Jehosaphat is situated east of Jerusalem, between Mount Zion and the Mount of Olives. In the ancient rituals of our order the Valley of Jehosaphat played an important part, but it is now very much neglected in the modern working of the lodges. It has been supposed, in consequence of the prophecy of Joel (iii. 13,) that this valley is to be the scene of the final judgment. The word itself denotes " the Lord judg- eth," and hence Hutchinson says that the spiritual lodge is placed in the Valley of Jehosaphat to imply that the principles of masonry are derived from the knowledge of God, and are established in the judgments of the Lord.
JEHOVAH. The ineffable name of God. In Hebrew, it consists of four letters m»T and is hence called the nonien te- tragrammato* or quadriliteral name. It is derived from the
JEH 225
substantive verb niH havah, to be; and, as it combines in itself the present, past, and future forms of the verb, it is to be con- sidered as designating God as immutable, eternal, the only being who can say forever, " I am that I am." This name was first an- nounced to Moses by God, when he appeared to him in the burn- ing bush; on which occasion he said, "this is my name forever, and this is my memorial unto all generations." (Ex. iii. 15.) It was considered unlawful to pronounce this name of God, except on one sacred occasion, (the day of the atonement,) when it was only uttered by the High Priest in the holy of holies, amid the sound of trumpets and cymbals, which prevented the people from hearing it. This custom no doubt originally arose from a wish to prevent its becoming known to the surrounding nations, and being by them blasphemously applied to their idols. Some of the Jews afterward attempted, by an ingenious corruption of the text of Exodus above quoted, to defend the custom by the authority of Scripture. By the change of a single letter, they made the word Volam, which signifies "forever," read Valam, that is, "to be concealed," and hence the passage was translated, " this is my name to be concealed," instead of "this is my name forever." And thus Josephus, in writing upon this subject, uses the fol- lowing expressions : " Whereupon God declared to Moses his holy name which had never been discovered to men before; concerning which it is not lawful for me to say any more."* In obedience to this law, whenever the word Jehovah occurs to a Jew in read- ing, he abstains from pronouncing it, and substitutes in its place the word Adonai or Lord. In consequence of the people thus abstaining from its utterance, the true pronunciation of the name was at length lost. Nor is the question yet definitely settled, some Orientalists contending, on orthographical grounds, that Jehovah is the true pronunciation, while others, on the authority of certain ancient writers, assert that it was pronounced JAO.f
* Antiquities of the Jews. Whiston's trans.; B. II. c. 1 2. f The tusk is difficult to make one, unacquainted with the structure of the Hebrew language, comprehend how the pronunciation of a word, whose letters
226 JEH
Some learned Jews even doubt whether Jehovah be the true name of God, which they consider to have been irrecoverably lost, and they say that this is one of the mysteries that will be re- vealed only at the coming of the Messiah. They attribute this loss to the sinful habit of applying the masoretic points to so sacred a name, in consequence of which the true vowels were lost. They even relate the legend of a celebrated Hebrew scholar whom God permitted to be burnt by a Roman emperor, because he had been heard to pronounce the holy name with these points.*
This dispute is not likely to be terminated by a reference to ancient authorities, among whom there is too great a discrepancy in relation to the name to be easily reconciled. Irengeus calls it Jaoth, Isidore says it is Jodjod, Diodorus Siculus, Jao, Clemens of Alexandria, Jau, and Theodoret says that the Hebrews pro- nounced it Ja, and the Samaritans Javah.
are preserved, can be wholly lost. It may be attempted, however, in the fol- lowing manner. The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants. The vowel sounds were originally supplied by the reader while reading, he being previously made acquainted with the correct pronunciation of each word, and if he did not possess this knowledge the letters before him could not supply it, and he was, of course, unable to pronounce the word. Every Hebrew, however, knew from practice, the vocal sounds with which the consonants were pi-onounced in the different words, in the same manner as every English reader knows the different sounds of a in hat, hate, all, icas, and that lent is pronounced knight. The words " God save the republic," written in the Hebrew method, would ap- pear thus : " Gd sv th rpblc." Now this incommunicable name of God con- sists, as we have already observed, of four letters, Yod, He, Vav, and He, equi- valent, in English, to the combination JHVH. It is now, we presume, evident, that these four letters cannot, in our own language, be pronounced, unless at least two vowels be supplied. Neither can they in Hebrew. In other words the vowels were known to the Jew, because he heard the words continually pronounced, just as we know that Mr. stand for dlister, because we continually hear this combination so pronounced. But the name of God, of which these four letters are symbols, was never pronounced, but another word, adonai, sub- stituted for it; and hence, as the letters themselves have no vocal power, the Jew, not knowing the implied vowels, was unable to supply them, and thus the pronunciation of the word was, in time, entirely lost. & Oliver, Insignia of the Royal Arch, p. 15.
JEH 227
The Grand, Elect, Perfect and Sublime Masons tell us that the pronunciation varied among the patriarchs in different ages. Methuselah, Larnech, and Noah pronounced it Julia;* Shem, Arphaxad, Selah, Heber and Peleg pronounced it Jieva ; lieu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, Abraham, Isaac and Juclah called it Jova ; by Hezroni and Earn it was pronounced Jevo ; by Aminadab and Nasshon, Jevah ; by Salmon, Boaz, and Obed, Johe ; by Jesse and David, Jehovah. And they imply that none of these was the right pronunciation, which was only in the possession of Enoch, Jacob, and Moses, whose names are, therefore, not men- tioned in this list.
Lancrf" says that the word should be read from left to right, and pronounced HO— HI, that is to say, " He-She ;" ho being in Hebrew the masculine pronoun, and hi the feminine. Ho— Hi, (hi pronounced he,) therefore, denotes the male and female prin- ciple, the vis geuitrix, the phallus and lingam, the point within the circle, the notion of which, in some one form or another of this double gender, pervades all the ancient systems as the re- presentative of the creative power.
Thus one of the names given by the mythological writers to the Supreme Jupiter, was appevod-qkoq, the man-icoman. In one of the Orphic hymns we find the following line :
Zel'5 apc-iv yzvzro, Zeus apPp°T°S znXero vv/j«j»]. Jove is a male, Jove is an immortal virgin.
And Plutarch, in his Isis and Osiris, says " God, who is a male and female intelligence, being both life and light, brought forth another intelligence, the Creator of the world." All the Pagan
* In all these names the J is to be pronounced as Y, the A as a in father, the E as a in mate; thus Jekova must be pronounced as if written Ya-ho-vah.
f This speculation of Michael Angelo Land, one of the greatest Orientalists of the present day, I have at second-hand. His great work — intended to be, indeed, an opus magnum — has not been published, and I am indebted for this, as well as many other of his investigations, to my learned friend, George 11. Grliddon, Esq., who was a pupil of this illustrious scholar.
228 JEH
gods and goddesses, however various their appellation, were but different expressions for the male and female principle. " In fact," says Russel,* u they may all be included in the one great Hermaphrodite, the afipevoffyXu*; ; who combines in his nature all the elements of production, and who continues to support the vast creatiou which originally proceeded from his will."
The Jews believed that this holy name, which they held in the highest veneration, was possessed of unbounded powers. " He who pronounces it," say they, " shakes heaven and earth, and inspires the very angels with astonishment and terror. There is a sovereign authority in this name ; it governs the world by its power. The other names and surnames of the Deity are ranged about it like officers and soldiers about their sovereigns and ge- nerals ; from this king-name, they receive their orders and obey."'}" The Rabbins call it shem hamphorash, the unutterable name, and say that David found it engraved on a stone while he was digging the foundations of the earth.
Manasseh Ben Israel states it as the opinion of the Cabbalists, that Jehovah is not only the name of the divine essence, but that it also denotes the Aziluthic world, or world of emanations, which contains the ten Sephiroth, or emanations from the Deity which compose the universe, according the Rabbinical philosophy.
The Hebrew substantive verb I am, which is rrHN* is said by the Talmudists to be equivalent to HIPP, anc* the four letters of which it is formed possess peculiar properties. X is in Hebrew numerically equivalent to 1, and * to 10, which is equal to 11, a result also obtained by taking the second and third letters of the holy name, or ,1 and *[, which are 5 and 6, amounting to 11. But the 5 and 6 invariably produce the same number in their multi- plication, for 5 times 5 are 25, and 6 times 6 are 36, and this invariable product of ,1 and ■) was said to denote the unchange- ableness of the First Cause. Again lam rVHN commences with
* Connection of Sacred and Profane History, vol. 1. p. 402. fCalmet, Diet. Bib. I. 751.
JEH 229
K or 1, the beginning of numbers, and Jehovah, ,11 i"P with * or 10, the end of numbers, which signified that God was the begin- ning and end of all things.* There are many other Talmudical exercitations on the ineffable name which it is unnecessary to dwell upon. To the Hebrew student most of them are familiar; to any other they would be uninteresting or inexplicable.
The pronunciation of the name was preserved and transmitted by the Essenes, who always communicated it to each other in a whisper, and in a such a form, that while its component parts were known, its connected whole still remained a mystery.
It is said, too, to have been the pass-word in the Egyptian Mysteries, by which the candidate was admitted to the chambers of initiation. The modern Jews say it was engraved on the rod of Moses, and enabled him to perform his miracles, and they attribute all the wonderful works of Jesus Christ to the potency of this incommunicable name, which they say he stole out of the temple and wore about him.
The Jews had four symbols by which they expressed this inef- fable name of God; the first and most common was two Joels with a Sheva, and- the point Kanietz underneath, thus * * ; the second was three points in a radiated form like a diadem, thus / \ \ to represent, in all probability, the sovereignty of God ; the third was a Jod within an equilateral triangle thus, /^ which the Cab- balists explained as a ray of light whose lustre was too transcen- dent to be contemplated by human eyes; and- the fourth was the letter &, which is the initial letter of Shaded, " the Almighty," and was the symbol usually placed upon their phylacteries. Bux- torf mentions a fifth method, which was by three Jods with a Kanietz underneath inclosed in a circle.
Of the varieties of this sacred name in use among the different nations of the earth, three particularly merit the attention of Koyal Arch Masons.
* For these Talmudical remarks, I am indebted to my learned friend, W. S, Hockwell, Esq., of Milledgeville, Ga.
20
230 JER
1. Jah. This name of God is found in the 68th Psalm, v. 4 : " Extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name Jah." It is the Syriac name of God, and is still retained in some of the Syriac forms of doxology, according to G-esenius.
2. Bel, or Baal. This word signifies a lord, master, or pos- sessor; and hence it was applied by many of the nations of the East, to denote the Lord of all things, and the Master of the world. Baal was worshipped by the Chaldeans, the Moabites, the Phenicians, the Assyrians, and sometimes even by the He- brews. It has been supposed that the first Baal was the Chaldean Nimrod. This word is repeatedly met with in the Scriptures, both in allusion to the idolatrous worship of this god, aud in con- nection with other words, to denote the names of places.
8. On. This was the name by which Jehovah was worshipped among the Egyptians. It is this God of whom Plato speaks in his Tiniseus, when he says, " tell me of the God On ; which is and never knew beginning." The Egyptians gave to this God the same attributes that the Hebrews bestowed upon Jehovah, and though we are unable to say what was the signification of On in the ancient Egyptian, we know that this word in Greek, J2X, lias the same signification of being or existence as niPT* has in Hebrew. The Hindoos used the word Aum or Aun.
I have made these remarks on the three names of God in Syriac, Chaldaic, and Egyptian, Jah, Bel, and On, in the expectation that my Royal Arch companions will readily recog- nise them in a corrupted form, and thus be enabled to understand a mystery which, I confess, was to me, at first, unintelligible.
JERUSALEM. The capital of Judea and the jity of the Holy 'Temple — memorable as the scene of many events that are dear to the Mason's memory. At the time that the Israelites entered the Promised Land, the city was in possession of the Jebusites, from whom, after the death of Joshua, it was conquered, and afterwards inhabited by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, although Mount Ziou for a long period subsequent continued to
JEW 231
be occupied by the descendants of Jehus, and in the reign of David that monarch is said to have purchased Mount Moriah from Oman the Jebusite, who had used it as a threshing floor. Here, afterwards, Solomon was permitted to build a temple to the Lord.
JEWELS. Every lodge is furnished with six jewels, three of which are movable and three immovable. The movable jewels, so called because they are not confined to any particular part of the lodge, are the rough ashlar, the perfect ashlar, and the trestle board. The immovable jewels are the square, the level, and the plumb. They are termed immovable, because they are appropriated to particular parts of the lodge, where alone they should be found, namely, the square to the east, the level to the west, and the plumb to the south.
Jewels are also the names applied to the emblems worn by the officers of Masonic bodies as distinctive badges of their offices. For the purpose of reference the jewels worn in symbolic lodges, in chapters, council 3, and encampments, are here appended. 1. In Symbolic Lodges.
W.\ Master
wears a square.
Senior Warden
a
a level.
Junior Warden
u
a plumb.
Treasurer
a
cross keys.
Secretary
a
cross pens.
Senior Deacon
a
square and compass, sud in the centre.
Junior Deacon*
a
square and compass moon in the centre.
Steward
a
a cornucopia.
Tyler
a
cross swords.
The jewels are of silver
in a
subordinate lodge, and of gold u
a Grand Lods-e.
* In English lodges
the jewel of the Deacons is a dove. 20
232
JEW
High Priest
2. In Royal Arch Chapters. wears a mitre.
a level surmounted by a
crown, a plumb-rule surmounted
by a turban. a triangular plate inscribed
with a soldier. a triangular plate inscribed
with a pilgrim, a sword a sword.
The other officers as in a symbolic lodge. All the jewels are of gold, and suspended within an equilateral triangle. 3. In Royal and Select Councils. T. I. Grand Master wears a trowel and square.
King "
Scribe "
Captain of the Host "
Principal Sojourner "
Royal Arch Captain " Grand Master of the Veils "