V. America.

Martinico, New Brunswick, Nova Scctia,
STE 407
Brazil,
Panama,
Canada,
Peru,
Colombia,
Rio de la Plata,
Cuba,
St. Bartholomew's,
Cura9oa,
St. Christopher's,
Dutch Guiana,
St. Croix,
English Guiana,
St. Eustatia,
French Guiana,
St. Martin,
Grenada,
St. Thomas,
Guadeloupe,
St. Vincent,
Hayti,
Trinidad,
Jamaica,
United States,
Labrador,
Venezuela.
STEWARDS. Officers in a
symbolic lodge, whose appoint-
3nt is generally vested in the
Junior Warden. Their duties
are, to assist in the collection of dues and subscriptions ; to pro- vide the necessary refreshments, and make a regular report to the Treasurer ) and generally to aid the Deacons and other offi- cers in the performance of their duties. The jewel of the office is a cornucopia.
STEWARDS' LODGE. The Stewards' or Grand Stewards- lodge, which still exists in some jurisdictions under peculiar local regulations, as a Standing Committee on Grievances, Charity, &c, was originally instituted on the 2J:th of June, 1735. In that year, says Anderson, upon an address from those that had been Stewards, the Grand Lodge, in consideration of their past services and future usefulness, ordained that they should be con- stituted a lodge of Masters, to be called the Stewards' lodge; to be registered as such in the Grand Lodge book and printed lists, with the times and place of their meetings, and that they should have the privilege of sending twelve representatives to tue Grand Lodge, namely, a Master, two Wardens, and nine more
39
458 STO— SUB
STONE OF FOUNDATION. Masonry ;ontains a legend of a cubical stone, on which was inscribed the sacred name within a mystical diagram. This stone is knewn as the " stone of foundation." For its history, see Cubical Stone.
STRENGTH. One of the three principal supports of ma- sonry. It is represented by the Doric column and the S.*. W.\, because the Doric is the strongest and most massy of the orders, and because it is the duty of the S.\ W.\, by an attentive super- intendence of the craft; to aid the W.\ M.\ in the performance of his duties, and to strengthen and support his authority. Hiram, King of Tyre, is also considered as the representative of the column of strength which supported the temple.
SUBLIME. In York masonry, this is the epithet applied to t He Master's degree. It alludes to the sublime nature of the doctrines taught in that degree, which are the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul.
SUBLIME GRAND LODGE. Sometimes called the Inef- fable Lodge, or Lodge of Perfection. It is, in the Ancient Scotch rite, the lodge which confers the degrees from the fourth to the fourteenth inclusive. It must derive its Warrant of Con- stitution from a Grand Council of the Princes of Jerusalem, or from a higher council, or Sovereign Grand Inspector General.
SUBLIME KNIGHT ELECTED. Sublime Chevalier (In. The 11th degree in the Ancient Scotch rite, sometimes called " Twelve Illustrious Knights." After vengeance had been taken upon the traitors already mentioned in the decrees of Elected Knights of Nine and Illustrious Elected of Fifteen, Solomon, to reward those who had exhibited their zeal and fidelity in inflict- ing the required punishment, as well as to make room for the exaltation of others to the degree of Illustrious Elected of Fif- teen, appointed twelve of these latter, chosen by ballot to consti- tute a new degree, on which he bestowed the name of Sublime
sub 4m
Knights Elected, and gave them the command over the twelve tribes of Israel. The Sublime Knights rendered an account each day to Solomon of the work that was done in the temple by their respective tribes, and received their pay. The lodge is sailed a Grand Chapter. Solomon presides, with the title of Thrice Puissant, and instead of Wardens, there are a Grand In- spector and a Master of Ceremonies. The room is hung with black, sprinkled with white and red tears.
The apron is white, lined and bordered with black, with black strings; on the flap, a flaming heart.
The sash is black, with a flaming heart on the breast, sus- pended from the right shoulder to the left hip.
The jewel is a sword of justice.
This is the last of the three Elus which are found in the An- cient Scotch rite. In the French rite they have been condensed into one, and make the fourth degree of that ritual, but not, as Ragon admits, with the happiest effect.
SUBLIME PRINCE OF THE ROYAL SECRET. Sou- verain Prince du Royal Secret. The 32d degree, and until the year 1786, when the 33d was instituted by Frederick, King of Prussia, the summit of the Ancient Scotch rite. The members are styled the Guardians of the Treasure of the Temple. Its meetings are called Consistories. The 32d degree can only be conferred by authority of the Supreme Council of the 33d. This degree furnishes a history peculiar to itself, of the origin of masonry, and an explanation of the symbolic meaning of the preceding degrees.
Its oflicers are numerous. The principal ones are a Thrice Illustrious Grand Commander, two Thrice Illustrious Lieutenant Grand Commanders, a Miuister of State, Grand Chancellor, "3 rand Treasurer, and Grand Secretary.
The hangings of a Consistory are black, strewed with tears
'"Vbe jewel is a Teutonic cross. The apron is white, bordered
460 SUB— SUN
with black, and on it is inscribed the tracing-board of the degree On the flap of the apron is a double-headed eagle.
SUBSTITUTE WORD. The true English translation of this most important word has been most miserably distorted and corrupted by illiterate lecturers. A moderate acquaintance with the Hebrew language would have shown its correct meaning, and that when first used it was but a natural expression of horror and astonishment uttered by King Solomon. Its signification may be discovered by a reference to the separate syllables of which it is composed, and which are to be found in their alpha- betical order in the present work. The intelligent mason by putting them together in their proper order will obtain the whole sentence. On such a subject I cannot, of course, be more ex- plicit. It may, however, be observed, in conclusion, that there can be no doubt that the word originally consisted of four sylla- bles, by which an equal, alternate division was made, and that in its present form it has been subjected to much corruption, the fourth or last syllable being now altogether omitted in pronun- ciation.
SUCCOTH. A town of Judea, 34 miles north-east of Jerusa- lem, near which Hiram Abif cast the sacred vessels of the Tem- ple. See Clay Grounds.
SUN AND MOON. The sun and the moon, with the Master of the lodge, are depicted in the lodge by the three lesser lights, whose presence are to instruct the last that he should exercise the same regularity and precision in the superintendence of his lodge, as the two others exhibit in their government of the day and night.
In all the Pagan initiations, we find traces of these symbols which, as in masonry, were represented by the three superior officers of the mysteries. In Greece, the Hierophant, or reveuhr of sacred things, the Daduchus or torch-bearei and Ho epi bo-
SUP 461
aios, or altar-server, were the representatives of the Creator, the sun and moon, while the Ceryx or herald, as a Deacon, repre- sented Mercury, who was the messenger of the gods. In the mysteries of India, the chief officers were placed in the east, the west, and the south, respectively to represent Brahma, or the rising; Vishnu, or the setting; and Siva, or the meridian sun. In the Druidical rites, the Arch-druid, seated in the east, was assisted by two other officers, the one in the west representing the moon, and the other in the south, representing the meridian sun.*
The sun and the moon are preserved in our lodges, as emblems of the wisdom, and power, and goodness of G-od, who made the one to rule the day, and the other to govern the night ; but the heathens, in departing from the true light, which masonry has preserved, confounded the creature with the Creator, and gave that adoration to the instruments which should only have been paid to the First Great Cause.
Hence the origin of sun-worship, which was one of the first deviations from pure and patriarchal religion, and the evidence of which is to be found in the earliest mysteries of Osiris in Egypt, of Adonis in Phenicia, and of Mithras in Persia.
SUPER EXCELLENT MASTER. A degree which is sometimes conferred in Councils of Select Masters. It is founded on circumstances that occurred at the destruction of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. Its presiding officer is called "Most Excellent King," and represents Zedekiah, the last King of Judah. The historical incidents of this degree, but less in detail, are to be found in the first part of the Royal Arch.
I have the ritual of another degree of Super Excellent, given in Ireland, preparatory to the Royal Arch. But it is, or seems
* Oliver, Signs and Symbols, p. 203. 39*
462 SUP
to be, a modification of the Most Excellent Master of the Amer- ican rite, and the Perfect Master of the Ancient Scotch rite.
SUPPORTS OF THE LODGE. The institution of masonry, venerable for its antiquity, and its virtuous character, is said to be supported by Wisdom, /Strength, and Beauty ; for the wisdom of its eminent founders was engaged in its first design ; the strength of its organization has enabled it to survive the fall of empires, and the changes of languages, religions, and manners which have taken place since its formation ; and the beauty of holiness is exhibited in the purity and virtue that it inculcates, and in the morality of life which it demands of all its children.
Our lodges, thus supported, will find in these columns another analogy to their great prototype, the Temple of Jerusalem. Foi that mighty fabric was designed by the ivisdom of Solomon, King of Israel, who found strength to carry on the great under- taking in the assistance and friendship of Hiram, King of Tyre; and beauty to adorn the structure in the architectural skill and taste of Hiram, the widow's son.
SUPREME COUNCIL OF GRAND INSPECTORS GEN- ERAL. The supreme masonic authority of the Ancient Scotch rite. It was established in 1786, by Frederick II., King of Prussia, for the purpose of exercising, after his death, the ma- sonic prerogatives which he personally possessed as the acknow ledged head of the rite. Not more than one Supreme Council can exist in each nation,* which wis originally composed of nine members, called Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, five of whom, at least, were to profess the Christian religion. This rule is now abolished, and the number of members has been increased. Its officers are as follows, all of whom are elected for life : —
A Most Puissant Grand Commander, who is the representative r>f Frederick II., King of Prussia.
* Two are permitted in the United States.
SUP 463
A Most Illustrious Lieutenant Grand Commander, representing Louis of Bourbon.
An Illustrious Treasurer General of the Holy Empire.
An Illustrious Secretary General of the Holy Empire.
A.n Illustrious Grand Master of Ceremonies.
An Illustrious Captain of the Guards.
The following account of the institution of the Supreme Coun- cil I have condensed from Dalcho,* and other authorities.
In 1761, the lodges and councils of the superior degrees, being extended throughout the continent of Europe, Frederick II., King of Prussia, as Grand Commander of the order of Prince of the Royal Secret, was acknowledged as the head of the Scotch rite. The Duke of Sudermania was his deputy in Sweden, and Louis of Bourbon in France.
On the 25th of October, 1762, the Grand Masonic Constitu tions were finally ratified in Berlin, and proclaimed for the government of all masonic bodies working in the Scotch rite over the two hemispheres.
In the same year, they were transmitted to Stephen Morin, who had been appointed in August, 1761, Inspector General for the New World , by the Grand Consistory of Princes of the Royal Secret, convened at Paris, under the presidency of Chaillon de Joinville, Substitute General of the order.
When Morin arrived in the West Indies, he, agreeably to his patent, appointed a Deputy Inspector General. This honour was conferred on M. Hayes, with the power of appointing others where necessary.
Hayes appointed Isaac Da Costa, Deputy Inspector General for the State of South Carolina, who, in 1783, established a Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfection in Charleston. After Da Costa's death, Joseph Myers was appointed to succeed him by Hayes, who also appointed Solomon Bush, Deputy Inspector General for Pennsylvania, and Barend M. Spitzer for Georgia ;
* Orations, p. 68.
464 SUP
which appointments were confirmed by a Council of Inspectors that convened in Philadelphia on the 15th of June, 1 ""81.
On the 1st of May, 1786, the Grand Constitutions of the Supreme Council of the 33d degree were ratified by the King of Prussia, by which the masonic prerogatives of Inspectors were deposited in a council consisting of nine brethren in each nation
On the 20th of February, 1788, a Grand Council of Princes of Jerusalem was opened in Charleston, by Myers, Spitzer, and A. Forst, Deputy Inspector General for Virginia.
In 1795, Col. John Mitchell was appointed by Spitzer a Deputy Inspector General, in the place of Myers, who had removed, but he was restricted from acting until after Myers' death, which took place in the following year.
On the 31st of May, 1801, the Supreme Council of the 33d degree was opened in Charleston with the grand honours of ma- sonry, by John Mitchell and Frederick Dalcho, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, and in the course of the succeeding two years, the whole number of Inspectors General was completed.
On the 5th day of August, 1813, a similar Supreme Council was, in accordance with the Secret Constitutions, duly and law- fully established and constituted at the city of New York,* by Emanuel De La Motta, as the representative, and under the sanc- tion and authority of the council at Charleston. The masonic jurisdiction of the New York council is distributed over the northern, north-western, and north-eastern parts of the United States. And this, with the council at Charleston, are the onfa recognised councils which exist, or can exist, according to the Secret Constitutions in the United States.
This was the origin of the Scotch rite in the United States of which there now exist two Supreme Counci s; one at Charles ton, S. C, and the other in the city of Boston both bodies being in active operation.
The seat of this Council has lately been removed to Boston.
SUS— SAVE 465
SUSPENSION. A masonic punishment by which a party is temporarily deprived of his rights and privileges as a mason. Suspension may be definite or indefinite in the period of its dura- tion. A mason who has been indefinately suspended can be re- stored only by a vote of the body which suspended him. One who has been suspended for a definite period is restored by the termination of that period, without any special action of the lodge.
SWEDENBORG, RITE OF. We have seen in the article " Illuminati of Avignon/' that the religious dogmas of Sweden- borg were brought, in the middle of the eighteenth century, (the great season of rite-making,) to the aid of masonry for the pur- pose of manufacturing a new rite. In 1783, the Marquis de Thome modified the system which has been adopted in the lodge of Avignon, to suit his peculiar views, and thus instituted what is properly known as the rite of Swedenborg. It consists of six grades, namely : 1, Apprentice ; 2, Fellow-Craft ; 3, Master Theosophite ; 4, Illuminated Theosophite ; 5, Blue Brother ; 6, Red Brother.
It is still practised in some lodges in the north of Europe.
SWEDISH RITE. Sweden at first adopted the rite of Strict Observance, but this was afterwards modified by Count Zinnendorf, and the rite now practised by the Grand Lodge of Sweden consists of twelve degrees, the fifth of which gives its possessor civil rank in the kingdom. The degrees, which have been very slightly altered since the time of Zinnendorf, are as follows : —
1, Apprentice; 2, Fellow-Craft; 3, Master ; 4, Apprentice and Fellow-Craft of St. Andrew; 5, Master of St. Andrew; 6, Knight of the East; 7, Knight of the West; 8, Knight of the South, or Favourite Brother of St. John; 9, Favourite Brother of St. Andrew; 10. Member of the Chapter; 11, Dignitary of the Chapter; 12, Reigning Grand Master. The last three de- grees constitute the " Illuminated Chapter." aud no one can be
466 SWO—SYM
."dinitted a Grand Dignitary unless he can show four quarters in his coat-of-arnis.
SWORD BEARER, An officer in a council of Knights of the Red Cross, and in a Commandery of Knights Templar, whos.-> station is in the west, on the right of the Standard Bearer, ana when the knights are in line, on the right of the second division. His duty is, to receive all orders and signals from the Grand Commander and see them promptly obeyed. He is, also, to assist in the protection of the banners of his order. His jewel is a triangle and cross swords.
The Grand Sword Bearer is also an officer of a Grand Lodge, whose duty it is to carry the Sword of State in public proces- sions. In some Grand Lodges he receives the title of Grand Pursuivant.
SWORD POINTING TO THE NAKED HEART. A
symbol of that Divine justice which must, sooner or later, over- take all who have sinned; for, though man looketh to the out- ward appearance, God looketh to the heart alone, which, conceal- ing its inmost passions from the world, is naked and open to his All-Seeing Eye.
It is an emblem of the Master's degree.
SYMBOL. A sensible image used to express an occult but analogical signification. Almost all the instruction given in ma- sonry is by symbols. Such was also the case in the ancient mysteries. " The first learning in the world," says Stukoly, " consisted chiefly in symbols. The wisdom of the Chaldeans, Phenicians, Egyptians, Jews, of Zoroaster, Sanchoniathon, Phe- recydes, Syrus, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, of all the ancients that is come to our hand, is symbolical. It was the mode, says Serranus, on Plato's Symposium, of the ancient philosophers to represent truth by certain symbols and hidden images."
Symbols were first adopted by the Egyptian priests for the purpose of secrecy; they concealing, by their use, those pro-
SYM 4C7
found speculations which constituted the apporeta of their mys- teries, and which they were unwilling to divulge to the unpre- pared and uninitiated vulgar. From the Egyptians, Pythagoras received a knowledge of this symbolical mode of instruction, and communicated it to the sect of philosophy which he afterwards instituted.
According to Porphyry, there was this distinction between the hieroglyphic and symbolic method of writing among the Egyp- tians : that the former expressed the meaning by an imitation of the thing represented, as when the picture of smoke ascend- ing upwards denoted fire; and the latter allegorizing the subject by an enigma, as when a hawk was used to signify the sun, or a fly to express the quality of impudence.* The former of these methods was open to all who chose to learn it ; the latter was reserved by the priests for the purpose of mystic instruction, and was, as I have already said, communicated only to the ini- tiated.
The symbols, says Warburton,-)* were of two kinds, tropical and enigmatical. The tropical, which were the more natural, were made by employing the more unusual properties of things to express subjects. Thus, a cat signified the moon, because the pupil of her eye was observed to be dilated at the full and con- tracted at the decrease of that satellite.]; The tropical were con- stituted by the mystical assemblage of two or more things whose combined properties expressed a particular quality. Thus, a beetle, with a round ball' in its claws, denoted the sun, because this insect makes a ball of dung, which he rolls in a circular direction, and with his face looking towards the sun.§
But the priests, in adopting the symbol, as a depository of
iWeyop^jxkvoiv \ara riva; atviyfiovs. — De Vlt. Pythag. xi. 15.
f Divine Legation, vol. iii. 141.
\ Such is Plutarch's account of this symbol; but I am not aware that modern zoologists support this theory of lunar ■influence. N'imporU , the Egyptians !"« tiered it, and that is all that the argument requires.
£ Clem. Alexnnd. Stromata.
4f,8 SYM— TAB
their secret doctrines, were not contented with the use of it to designate only substances; their mystic instruction was of too elaborate a nature, to be satisfied with so circumscribed an alpha- bet; they next, therefore, had recourse to sensible objects, as a means of expressing mental and moral qualities ; thus, destruc- tion was expressed by the mouse, impurity by the goat, aversion by the wolf, knowledge by the ant; and the reason of the signi- fication, as well as the thing signified, formed a part of their upporeta, or secrets.
This is the highest and most intellectual method of applying symbols, and it is the method adopted in Freemasonry, which, in its use of symbolic instruction, is an exact counterpart of the ancient mysteries.
SYMBOLIC DEGREES. The first three degrees of Free- masonry, the Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and Master Mason, are called in the Y'ork rite, symbolic degrees, because they abound in symbolic instruction, not to be found in the remaining degrees, which are principally historical in their character.
SYMBOLIC LODGE. A lodge in which the symbolic de- grees are conferred; that is, a lodge of Entered Apprentices, Fellow Crafts, or Master Masons.
T.
TABERNACLE. The tabernacle was the place of worship, representing a temple, which God commanded Moses to construct in the wilderness for the religious service of the Jews, and in which the ark of the covenant and sacred vessels were kept until Solomon removed them into the temple. The tabernacle was so contrived as to be taken to pieces and put together again at plea- sure. The tabernacle was in shape a parallelogram fronting
TAB— TAL 4€9
the East, thirty cubits or forty-five feet in length, and ien cubits or fifteen feet in height and breadth. The inside was divided by a richly embroidered vail of fine linen into two parts, the holy place and the holy of holies, in the latter of which was placed the ark of the covenant. Besides this vail of fine linen which sepa- rated the most holy place, the tabernacle was furnished with other vails of divers colors : namely, of blue and purple, and scarlet and fine twined linen, from which are derived the emblematic co- lours of the several degrees of masonry.*
The room in which a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons meets, is called the tabernacle, and is a representation of that temporary tabernacle which was erected by Zerubbabel near the ruins of old temple while the Jews, under his direction, were constructing the new one.
TABERNACLE, CHIEF OF THE. See Chief of the Tabernacle.
TABERNACLE, PRINCE OF THE. See Prince of the Tabernacle.
TALMUD. As many of the traditions of masonry are to be found in the Talmud, some acquaintance with the character of that work is essential to the masonic student. %
The Talmud, which is a Hebrew word, 11D 7j"I> signrfying doc- trine, is a collection of treatises written by the rabbins and wise men and embodying the civil and canonical law of the Jews. Moses is believed to have received two kinds of law on Mount Sinai, the
* According to Josephus (Antiq. Jud. lib. Hi. c. 7.) the tabernacle was a sym- bol of the universe. The 12 loaves placed on the table were emblematic of the 12 months of the year; the $"0 branches of the candlesticks represented the 70 decani or divisions of the planets; and the 7 lamps, the 7 planets. The vails of the tabernacle composed of four different colours, were emblematic of the'four elements; the fine linen, made of flax, the produce of the earth, repre- sented the earth ; the purple represented the sea, because it was stained by the blood of a marine shell-fish, the murex ; the blue represented the air, it being the colour of the sky ; and the scarlet represented fire.
40
470 TAL
one written and the other oral. The written law is to be found in the Pentateuch. The oral law was first communicated by Moses to Aaron, then by them to the seventy elders, and finally by these to the people, and thus transmitted, by memory, from generation to generation. This oral law was never committed to writing until about the beginning of the 3rd century,* when Rabbi Jehuda the Holy, finding that there was a possibility of its being lost from the decrease of students of the law, collected all the traditionary laws into one book, which is called the " Mishna," a word signifying repetition, because it is, as it were, a repetition of the written law.
The Mishna was at once received with great veneration, and many wise men among the Jews devoted themselves to its study. Towards the end of the 4th century, Rabbi Jochanan, the presi- dent of a school at Tiberias in Palestine collected their several opinions on the Mishna, into one book of commentaries which he called the " GTemara," a word signifying completion, because the the Gemara completes the work. The Mishna and the Gemara united constitute the Talmud.
The Jews in Chaldea, not being satisfied with the interpreta- tions in the work of Rabbi Jochanan, composed others, which were collected together by Rabbi Asche into another Gemara. The work of R. Jochanan has since been known as the " Jeru- salem Talmud" and that of R. Asche as the " Babylonian Tal- mud," from the places in which they were respectively compiled. In both works, the Mishna or Law is the same ; it is only the Gemara or commentary that is different.
The Jewish scholars place so high a value on the Talmud, aa to compare the Bible to water, the Mishna to wine, and the Ge- mara to spiced wine; or the first to salt, the second to pepper, and the third to spices. This work, although it contains many pue-
* Morin, how»ver, in his " Exercitationes Biblicae/' assigns the 6th century as the date of the composition. There is much con trover 'y on this subject among scholars. I have, in this article, given the dates agreed upon by the greater number.
IAS— TAT 4"1
rilities, is, however, extremely serviceable as an elaborate compen- dium of Jewish customs, and has therefore been much used in the criticism of the Old and New Testaments. It furnishes also many curious illustrations of the masonic system; and several of the traditions and legends, especially of the higher degrees, are either found in or corroborated by the Talmud. The treatise entitled " Middoth," for instance, gives us the best description extant of the Temple of Solomon.
TASSELS. The Tracing-board of the Entered Apprentice's degree, when properly constructed, has a border or skirting around it, and at each corner a tassel attached to a cord or cable tow. These refer to the four perfect points and to the four cardinal virtues, and are called the guttural, pectoral, manual, and pedal tassels. They are also said in the English ritual to refer to the .four rivers of Paradise.
TASTING. One of the five human senses, of but little im- portance in masonry, except as one of the sources of our enjoyment and protection, by enabling us to distinguish food which is pleasant and wholesome, from that which is disagreeable and unhealthy. Hence, for this as well as for every blessing of life, are we taught to be thankful to Him who is the " author of every good and perfect gift."
TATNAI AND SHETHAR-BOZNAI. The names of two Persian governors who opposed the attempts of the Jews to re- build the temple. When, by the command of Artaxerxes, Zerub- babel and his followers had discontinued the rebuilding of the temple, which they had commenced by permission of Cyrus, his predecessor, they remained quiet until the reign of Darius, who succeeded Artaxerxes. They then recommenced the work, but Tatnai, the Persian governor on the Jewish side of the Euphra- tes, accompained by Shethar-Boznai and his companions, not being aware of the previous edict of Cyrus permitting the Jews to
472 TAU
rebuild, proceeded to Jerusalem, and demanded by what right they were rebuilding the temple ; and when the Jews informed them that they were working under the authority of a former decree of Cyrus, the Persian governors wrote to Darius, giving an account of these circumstances, and inquiring if such a decree was in ex- istence, and if it was the king's pleasure that it should still be obeyed. Darius, influenced by his friendship for Zerubbabel, who visited him on the occasion of this interference, gave orders not only that the Jews should not be molested, but that they should receive every assistance from the Persian officers in their pious undertaking of rebuilding the house of the Lord.
TAU CROSS. The Tau Cross or Cross of St. Antony,* is a cross in the form of a Greek T. It was among the ancients a hieroglyphic of eternal life. It was the form of the Nilometer, or measure of the Nile, used to ascertain the height of the inun; dation, upon which the prosperity of the country and the life of the inhabitants depended, and was, in consequence, used among the Egyptians as an amulet, capable of averting evil. Hence it was a favourite symbol of the Egyptians, and under the form of the " Crux ansata" was to be seen in all their temples, very often held in the hands of their deities or suspended from their necks. Jablonskif says it is the Egyptian representation of the Phallus, considered by some as the symbol of the deity, and by others as that of eternal life. Kircher thinks that the Crux ansata was a monogram denoting Mercury or Phtha, who was the conductor of the souls of the dead ; and Dr. ClarkeJ says that the tau cross was a monogram of Thoth, " the symbolical or mystical name of hidden wisdom among the ancient Egyptians ; the 6 Ed 2 of the Greeks." In the initiation in Hindostan the tau cross, under the name of "tiluk," was marked upon the body of the candidate, as a sign that he was set apart for the sacred mysteries. The
* So called because it is said to have been the cross on which that saint suf- fered martyrdom.
t Panth. Mgyvl i. 282. J Travels, vol. v. p. 311.
TEM 4?3
same mark was familiar to the ancient Hebrews, for, in the visioii of Ezekiel, it is thus alluded to : " Gro through the midst of the city, and set a mark, (in the original in> tail,) upon the foreheads of the men that sigh, and that cry, for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof."* This mark was to distinguish them as persons to be saved on account of their sorrow for sin, from those who, as idolators, were to be slain, and its form was that of the Hebrew letter tau, which, in the ancient Phenician alphabet, and on the coins of the Maccabees, has the shape of a cross.
Among the Druids it was the custom to consecrate a tree by cutting the form of a tau across upon its bark. In ancient times it was set as a mark on those who had been acquitted by their judges, and by military commanders on such of their soldiers as had escaped unhurt from battle, and hence it was considered as an emblem of life.~j" Finally, observe that the tau is the last letter of the Hebrew alphabet, as the Aleph is the first, and that the tau assumes in the Ancient Phenician and Samaritan alpha- bets the form of a cross, and we see another consecration of this symbol in the expression, " I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end/' which, spoken in the Hebrew language, would be, " I am the Aleph and the Tau. "J
We are not, therefore, to be surprised that the Tau Cross has been adopted as one of the symbols of Freemasonry, and that in the form of the Triple Tau it constitutes the most sacred emblem of the Royal Arch, symbolizing the fact that the possessors of that degree are consecrated and separated, or set apart, as the recipients of a sublime but hidden wisdom. See Triple Tau.
TEMPERANCE. One of the four cardinal virtues, the
* Ezekiel, ix. 4. The Septuagint has to o-rjustov, the mark, which Lowth sug- gests should read rav onueiov, the mark tau.
•f- Oliver, Landmarks, ii. p. 621.
J My esteemed friend, George R. Gliddon, Esq., the celebrated Egyptian Archaeologist, first called my attention to this illustration, which he extended gtill further, but on a subject irrelevant to the present occasion.
40*
474 TEM
practice of which is inculcated in the first degree. The mason who properly appreciates the secrets, which he has solemnly pro- mised never to reveal, will not, by yielding to the unrestrained call of appetite, permit reason and judgment to lose their seats; and subject himself, by the indulgence in habits of success, to discover that which should be concealed, and thus merit and re- ceive the scorn and detestation of his brethren. And lest any brother should forget the danger to which he is exposed in the unguarded hours of dissipation, the virtue of Temperance is wisely impressed upon his memory, by its reference to the most solemn portion of the initiatory ceremony.
TEMPLARS. See Knights Templar.
TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. By the « Statutes of the Grand Priory of the Knights of the Temple," * of Edinburgh, Scotland, the Knights Templars have an organization very dif- ferent from that existing in any part of the world where this ancient and honourable order is to be found. Some account of it may, therefore, not be uninteresting.
" The religious and military order of the Temple," in Scot- land, consists of two classes: 1. Novice and Esquire; 2. Knight Templar. The Knights consist of four grades : 1. Knights cre- ated by Priories; 2. Knights, elected from the Companions, on memorial to the Grand Master and Council, supported by the recommendation of the Priories to which they belong j 3. Knights Commanders ; 4. Knights Grand Crosses, to be nominated by the Grand Master.
* According to the organization of the order in Scotland, it is not a pre- requisite qualification towards becoming a Knight Templar, that the candi- date should possess the preparatory Masonic degrees. The Knight Templar of Scotland is not, therefore, necessarily a Mason. I give this regulation, on the authority of Brother C. W. Moore. (Mag. vol. iv. p. 138.)
Note. Since this was written, the regulation has been rescinded, and, as in the Statutes of April 13th, 1843, the Scotch Templar is now (1871) required to have previously received the Royal Arch degree.
TEM 475
The supreme legislative authority of the order is the Chapter General, which consists of the Grand Officers, the Knights Grand Crosses, the Knights Commanders, and the Prior of each Priory. One Chapter is held annually, at whicbrthne the Grand Master, if present, acts as President. At this meeting, which is on the 11th of March, the Grand Officers are elected.
During the intervals of the meetings of the Chapter General, the affairs of the order, with the exception of altering the Sta- tutes, is entrusted to the Grand Council, which consists of the Grand Officers elected by the Chapter, the Grand Priors of For- eign Langues, and the Knights Grand Crosses.
The Grand Officers, with the exception of the Past Grand Masters, who remain so for life, the Grand Master, who is elected triennially, and the Grand Aides-de-Camp, who are appointed by him and removed at his pleasure, are elected annually. They are as follows :
Grand Master,
Past Grand Masters,
Grand Seneschal,
Preceptor and Grand Prior of Scotland,
Grand Constable and Mareschal,
Grand Admiral,
Grand Almoner or Hospitaller,
Grand Chancellor,
Grand Treasurer,
Grand Secretary and Registrar,
Primate or Grand Prelate,
Grand Provost or Governor-General,
Grand Standard-Bearer or Beaucennifer,
Grand Bearer of the Vexillum Belli,
Grand Chamberlain,
Grand Steward,
Two Grand Aides-de-Camp.
A Grand Priory may be instituted by the Grand Conclave, m any nation, colony or langue, to be placed under the authority
47G TEM
of a Grand Prior who is elected for life, un.ess superseded by the Grand Conclave.
A Priory, which is equivalent to our Cominandery consists of the following officers :
Prior,
Sub-Prior,
Mareschal or Master of Ceremonies,
Hospitaller or Almoner,
Chancellor,
Treasurer,
Secretary,
Chaplain and Instructor,
Beaucennifer, or Bearer of the Beauseant,
Bearer of the Bed Cross Banner, or Vexillum Belli,
Chamberlain,
Two Aides-de-Camp,
Band, Guards, etc.
The Grand Conclave may unite two or more Priories into a Cominandery, to be governed by a Provincial Commander, who is elected by the Grand Conclave.
The costume of the Knights, with the exception of a few slight variations to designate difference of rank, is the same as that described as the ancient costume in page 270, of this work
TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. The Temple of the Lord,* at Jerusalem, was commenced by Solomon, King of Israel, in the year of the world 2992, and being finished in seven years and six months, was dedicated to the service of the Most High, in the year 3000. It stood on Mount Moriah, one of the eminences of the ridge, called in Scripture Mount Zion, and was originally the property of Oman the Jebusite, who used it as a threshing-
* It is called in Scripture, hekal adonai, "the pdace of Jehovah," to inti- mate that its splendour and magnificence were not intended to reflect honour on those who constructed it, but only to prepare it as a fit dwelling for Him, who is the "King of kings and Lord of lords."
TEM -J77
floor, and from wnom it was purchased by King David, for the purpose of erecting an altar.* It retained its original splendour only thirty-four years, when Shishak, King of Egypt, took away its richest treasures ;f it was afterwards, in the eleventh year of the reign of Zedekiah, plundered and burnt by the Chaldeans, under Nebuchadnezzar.^ After the captivity, the. temple was rebuilt by Zerubbabel, with greater extent, but inferior glory.
The temple was originally built on a very hard rock, encom- passed with frightful precipices. The foundations were laid very deep, with immense labour and expense. It was surrounded with a wall of great height, exceeding in the lowest part four hundred and fifty feet, constructed entirely of white marble.
The temple itself, which consisted of the porch, the sanctuary, and the holy of holies, was but a small part of the edifice on Mount Moriah. It was surrounded with spacious courts, and the whole structure occupied at least half a mile in circumfe- rence. Upon passing through the outer wall, you came to the first court, called the court of the Gentiles, because the Gentiles were admitted into it, but were prohibited from passing farther. It was surrounded by a range of porticos or cloisters, above which were galleries or apartments, supported by pillars of white marble.
Passing through the court of the Gentiles you entered the court of the children of Israel, which was separated by a low stone wall, and an ascent of fifteen steps, into two divisions, the outer one being occupied by the women, and the inner by the men. Here the Jews were in the habit of resorting daily for the purposes of prayer.
Within the court of the Israelites, and separated from it by a wall one cubit in height, was the court of the priests. In the centre of this court was the altar of burnt offerings, to which the people brought their oblations and sacrifices, but none but the priests were permitted to enter it.
From this court, twelve steps ascended to the temple, strictly
*See 2 Sam. xxiv. 23, 24; 1 Chron. xxi. 25. f 2 Chron. xii. 9.
X See Captivity.
478 TEM
so called, which, as I have already said, was divided into three parts, the porch, the sanctuary, and the holy of holies.
The porch of the temple was twenty cubits in length, and the same in breadth. At its entrance was a gate made entirely of Corinthian brass, the most precious metal known to the ancients. Beside this gate there were the two pillars Jachin and Boaz, which had been constructed by the architect whom the King of Tyre had sent to Solomon, and which are thus described by Josephus : " Moreover this Hiram made two hollow pillars, whose outsidee were of brass, and the thickness of the brass was four fingers' breadth, and the height of the pillars was eighteen cubits, and their circumference twelve cubits ) but there was cast with each of their chapiters, lily work that stood upon the pillar, and it was elevated five cubits, round about which there was net-work, interwoven with small palms made of brass, and covering the lily work. To this also, were hung two hundred pomegranates in two rows."*
From the porch you entered the sanctuary by a portal, which, instead of folding doors, was furnished with a magnificent vail of many colours, which mystically represented the universe. The breadth of the sanctuary was twenty cubits, and its length forty, or just twice that of the porch and holy of holies. It oc- cupied, therefore, one half of the body of the temple. In the sanctuary were placed the various utensils necessary for the daily worship of the temple, such as the altar of incense, on which in- cense was daily burnt by the officiating priest ; the ten golden candlesticks j and the ten tables on which the offerings were laid previous to the sacrifice.
The HOLY OF HOLIES, or innermost chamber, was separated from the sanctuary by doors of olive, richly sculptured and inlaid with gold, and covered with vails of blue, purple, scarlet, and the finest linen. The size of the holy of holies was the same as that of the porch, namely, twenty cubits square. It contained
* Antiq. lib. viii. c. 3.
TEM 479
the ark of the covenant, which had been transferred into it from the Tabernacle, with its overshadowing cherubim and its mercy- seat. Into the most sacred place, the High Priest alone could enter, and that only once a year, on the day of atonement.
The temple, thus constructed, must have been one of the most magnificent structures of the ancient world. For its erection, David had collected more than four thousand millions of dollars,* and one hundred and eighty-four thousand six hundred men were engaged in building it for more than "seven years ; and after its completion it was dedicated by Solomon, with solemn prayer, and seven days of feasting ; during which, a peace-offer- ing of twenty thousand oxen and six times that number of sheep, was made, to consume which the holy lire came down from heaven.
Thirty-three years after its completion this beautiful edifice was despoiled, in the reign of Jeroboam, by Shishak, King of Egypt, and finally burnt to the ground by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem carried as captives to that city in the year 588, B. C, during the reign of Zedekiah.
TEMPLE, CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORKMEN AT THE. In 2 Chronicles, chap. ii. verses 17 and 18, we read as follows :
"And Solomon numbered all the strangers that were in the land of Israel, after the numbering wherewith David his father had numbered them ; and they were found an hundred and fifty thousand and three thousand and six hundred.
" And he set threescore and ten thousand of them to be bearers of burdens, and fourscore thousand to be hewers in the mountain, and three thousand and six hundred overseers to set the people a-work."
The same numerical details are given in the 2d verse of the same chapter. Again, in 1 Kings, chap, v., verses 13 and 14, it is said :
* One hundred and eight thousand talents of geld, and one million Feveil teen thousand talents of silver.
480 TEM
" And King Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel ; and the levy was thirty thousand men.
" And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses : a month they were in Lebanon, and two months at home : and Adoniram was over the levy."
The succeeding verses make the same enumeration of work- men as that contained in Chronicles quoted above, with the ex- ception that by omitting the three hundred Harodim, or rulers over all, the number of overseers is stated in the book of Kings to be only three thousand three hundred.
With these authorities, and the assistance of masonic traditions, Anderson constructs the following table of the craftsmen at the temple.
Harodim, Princes, Rulers, or Provosts, 300
Menatzchim, Overseers or Master Masons, 3,300
Ghiblim, Stone Squarers, ")
Ischotzeb, Hewers, [■ all Fellow Crafts, 80,000
Benai, Builders, )
All the Freemasons employed in the work of the ) -, , n ~™ Temple, exclusive of the two Grand Wardens, j
Besides the Ish Sahbal, or men of burden, the remains of the old Canaanites, amounting to 70,000, who are not numbered nmong masons.
In relation to the classification of these workmen, Anderson says, " Solomon partitioned the Fellow-Crafts into certain lodges, with a Master and Wardens in each ; that they might receive commands in a regular manner, might take care of their tools and jewels, might be regularly paid every week, and be duly fed and clothed; and the Fellow-Crafts took care of their suc- cession by educating Entered Apprentices."*
Josephus makes a different estimate. He includes the 3,300 overseers in the 80,000 Fellow-Crafts, and makes the number of masons, exclusive of the 70,000 bearers of burdens, only 110,000.
A woi-K published in 17G4, entitled the " Masonic Pocket
* Constitutions, p. 22, ed. 1769.
TEM 481
Book/' gives a still different classification. The number, accord- ing to this work, was as follows :
Harodini, .... 300
Menatzchim, - - - 3,300
Ghiblim, .... 83,000
Adoniram, - - - 30,000
Total, .... 116,000 Masons,
which, with the 70,000 Ish Sabbal or labc irers, will make a grand total of 186,600 workmen.
According to the authority of Webb, there were three Grand Masters, 3,300 Overseers, 80,000 Fellow-Crafts, and 70,000 En- tered Apprentices. This account makes no allusion to the 300 Harodim, nor to the levy of 30,000. It is, therefore, manifestly incorrect. Indeed, I doubt whether we have any certain author- ity for the complete classification of the workmen, as neither the Bible nor Josephus gives any account of the number of Tyrians employed. Oliver,* however, has collected from the masonic traditions an account of the classifications of the workmen, which I shall insert, with a few additional facts, taken from authorities in my possession.
According to these traditions, the following was the classifica- tion of the Masons who wrought in the quarries of Tyre 6 Super-Excellent Masons, 48 Excellent Masons, 8 Grand Architects, 16 Architects, 2,376 Master Masons,
700 Mark Masters, 1,400 Markmen, 53,900 Fellow-Crafts.
58,454 Total.
•See the whole subject treated at length in the 15th lecture >f his :' lii.>- torieal Landmarks."
41
482
TEM
These were arranged a.s follows : The Super-Excellent Masons were divided . into two Grand Lodges, with three brethren in each to superintend the work. The Excellent Masons were di- vided into six lodges, of nine each, including one of the Super- Excellent Masons, who acted as Master. The eight Grand Ar- chitects constituted one lodge, and the sixteen Architects another. The Grand Architects were the Masters, and the Architects the Wardens of the lodges of Master Masons, which were eight in number, and consisted, with the officers, of three hundred each. The Mark Masters were divided into fourteen lodges of fifty in each, and the Markmen into fourteen lodges, also of one hundred in each. The Mark Masters were the Masters, and the Markmen the Wardens of the lodges of Fellow- Crafts, which were seven hundred in number, and with these officers consisted of eighty in each.
The classification in the forest of Lebanon, was as follows :
3 Super-Excellent Masons, 24 Excellent Masons,
4 Grand Architects, 8 Architects,
1,188 Master Masons, 300 Mark Masons, 600 Markmen, 23,100 Fellow-Crafts, 10,000 Entered Apprentices.
35,227 Total.
These were arranged as follows : The three Super-Excellent Ma- sons formed one lodge. The Excellent Masons were divided into three lodges of nine each, including one of the Super-Excellent Ma- sons as Master. The four Grand Architects constituted one lodge, and the eight Architects another, the former acting as Masters and the latter as Wardens of the lodges of Master Masons, which
TEM 483
were four in number, and consisted with these officers of three hundred in each. The Mark Masters were divided into six lodges of fifty in each, and the Markmen into six lodges of one hundred in each. These two classes presided, the former as Masters and the latter as Wardens in the lodges of Fellow- Crafts, which were three hundred in number, and were composed of eighty each, including these officers.
After three years had been occupied in "hewing, squaring, and numbering," the stones, and " felling and preparing" the timbers, these two bodies of Masons united for the purpose of properly arranging the materials, so that no metallic tool might be required in putting them up, and they were then carried up to Jerusalem. Here the whole body was congregated under the superintending care of HAB, and to them were added four hun- dred and twenty lodges of Tyrian and Sidonian Fellow-Crafts, having eighty in each, and the twenty thousand Entered Appren- tices of the levy from Israel, who had been therefore at rest, and who were added to the lodges of Entered Apprentices, making three hundred in each, so that the whole number en- gaged at Jerusalem amounted to two hundred and seventeen thousand two hundred and eighty-one, who were arranged as follows :
Nine lodges of Excellent Masons, nine in each, are - 81
Twelve lodges of Master Masons, three hundred in
each, are - - - - - 3,600
One thousand lodges of Fellow-Crafts, eighty in each,
are _..... 80,000
Four hundred and twenty lodges of Tyrian Fellow- Crafts, eighty in each, are - 33,600 One hundred lodges of Entered Apprentices, three
hundred in each, are - 30,000
Seventy thousand Ish Sabbal, or labourers, are - - 70,000
Total - ... 217,281
484 TEM
Sucti is the system adopted by our English brethren; the American ritual has greatly simplified the arrangement. Ac- cording to the system now generally taught, the workmen at the building of the temple were classed as follows :
Three Grand Masters.
Three hundred Harodini, or chief superintendents, who may be called Past Masters.*
Three thousand three hundred Master Masons, divided into lodges of three each.
Eighty thousand Fellow-Crafts, who were also divided into lodges of five each.
Seventy thousand Entered Apprentices, divided into lodges of seven each.
According to this account, there must have been —
One thousand one hundred lodges of Master Masons.
Sixteen thousand lodges of Fellow-Crafts.
Ten thousand lodges of Entered Apprentices.
No account is here taken of the levy of thirty thousand, who are supposed not to have been Masons, nor of the builders of Hiram, whom the English ritual places at thirty-three thousand six hundred, and most of whom were, as I suppose, members of the Dionysiac fraternity. On the whole, the American system seems too defective to meet all the demands of the student, an objection to which the English is not so obnoxious. I should be rejoiced, therefore, to see this latter system, with some modifica- ti3ns, generally adopted by our Grand Lecturers.
TEMPLE OF ZERUBBABEL. Cyrus, King of Persia, having liberated the Jews, seventy years from the commence- ment of their captivity, in the reign of Jehoiakim, and fifty-two years after the destruction of the Temple, forty-two thousand
* They cannot according to our ritual, be Most Excellent Masters, because, according to the legend of that degree, it was not established until the Templo was completed.
TEM 485
three hundred and sixty of the liberated captives, by permission of the king, returned to Jerusalem under the guidance of Joshua the High Priest, Zerubbabel the Prince or Governor, and Haggai the Scribe, and two years after, that is, 535 years B. C, they laid the foundations of the second temple. They were, however, much disturbed in their labours by the Samaritans, whose offer to unite with them in the building they had rejected. Artaxerxes, known in profane history as Cambyses, having succeeded Cyrus on the throne of Persia, he forbade the Jews to proceed with the work, and the Temple remained in an unfinished state until the death of Artaxerxes and the succession of Darius to the throne. As in early life there had been a great intimacy between this sovereign and Zerubbabel, the latter proceeded to Babylon, and obtained permission from the monarch to resume the labour. Zerubbabel returned to Jerusalem, and notwithstanding some further delays consequent upon the enmity of the neighbouring nations, the second Temple, or as it may be called by way of dis- tinction from the first, the Temple of Zerubbabel, was completed in the sixth year of the reign of Darius, 515 years B. C, and just twenty years after its commencement. It was then dedi- cated with all the solemnities that accompanied the dedication of the first.
This second Temple did not equal the first in the glory and splendour of its decorations — the ark of the covenant was lost, although, by the precautions of our ancient Grand Masters, an exact copy of it had been preserved amid the ruin and desolation of Jerusalem. Both the Shekinah, the glory of God, and the Bathkol, or oracle, were departed forever.* Still, there is much to interest the people in this second house of the Lord. The masonic stone of foundation, which had been safely deposited by the wisdom of the first Masons, was found and made the chief
* The Jews say that there were five things wanting in the second temple, which had been in the first, namely: the Ark, the Urim and Thummin, the Bre from heaven, the divine presence, or cloud of glory, and the spirit of pro phecy and powei of miracles.
41 *
486 TEM— TES
corner-stone, and all the holy vessels were returned by order of the King of Persia; the Tyrians again furnished timbers from the forest of Lebanon, and at length the cope-stone, on which seven eyes had been engraved by the express command of God, was celebrated with sacrifices and rejoicings.
TEMPLE, ORDER OF THE. A masonic institution in France, whose members claim to be the lineal descendants of the Knights Templar. It appears, however, that this claim is un- founded, and that the society is only a masonic rite, in which something that they call a- continuation of the order of the Temp- lars, is engrafted on degrees borrowed from the Ancient Scotch rite. Originally the order of the Temple consisted of the follow- ing six degrees : 1, Apprentice ; 2, Fellow-Craft j 3, Master ; 4, Master of the East; 5, Master of the Black Eagle of St. John; 6, Perfect Master of the Pelican. But in 1808, to disguise this evident masonic origin, the degrees received the following names : 1, Initiate, (this is the degree of the Entered Apprentice;) 2, Initiate of the Interior, (this is the degree of Fellow-Craft;) 3, Adept, (this is the Master;) 4, Adept of the East, (the Illus- trious Elected of Fifteen of the Scotch rite ;) 5, Grand Adept of the Black Eagle of St. John, (the Elected Knights of Nine ;) these constitute the House of Initiation; 6, Postulant of the order, (Perfect Adept of the Pelican ;) this is called the House of Postulance, and is nothing but the Rose Croix of the Scotch rite; 7, Esquire; 8, Knight or Levite of the Interior Guard. These last degrees are called the Covenant, and are the same as the Scotch degree of the Knight of K-H.*
TESSELATED BORDER. The skirting which surrounds the mosaic pavement. A late masonic writer suggests that the proper term is " tasselled border ;" the word tasselled alluding, he thinks, to the four tassels that are placed at the corners of the
* Clavel Hist. Pittoresq., pp. 66, 214-219.
TET 487
tracing-board The suggestion is ingenious, but not correct. Tesselated means inlaid with various kinds of colours, or varie- gated with flowers, &c, and the word alludes to the variegated ornaments of the border. See Mosaic Pavement.
TETRACTYS. {Greek, rerpaxrug, four. The tetractys was a sacred symbol of the Pythagoreans, which was expressed by ten jods disposed in the form of a j 5 5 triangle, each side containing four as in the ? 5 ? 1 annexed figure. This they explained as fol- lows : — The one point represented the Monad, or active principle. The two points, the Duad, or passive principle. The three, the Triad, or world arising from their union. The. four, the Quarternary, or the liberal sciences. On this figure, the oath was propounded to the aspirant in the esoteric school of Pythagoras. Jamblichus gives this oath in his life of Pythagoras :
Ov pa apsrepr] yzvzr\, -napahovra rerpaKTVV Tlayav assuao-j ipmeus, pi^wpa rexovaav.
By that pure quadrilit'ral name on high, Nature's eternal fountain and supply, The parent of all souls that living be, — By it, with faithful oath, I swear to thee.
The tetractys was undoubtedly borrowed by Pythagoras from the tetragrammaton of the Jews,* when he visited Babylon, and was instructed by Ezekiel in the Jewish mysteries.
TETRAGRAMMATON. (Greek.) The word of four let- ters. The incommunicable name of God in Hebrew, mn*> which, as consisting of four letters, was thus called. See Jehovah,
* Cudworth (Intellectual system, p. 376) thinks there is no doubt of this, ar.d the most learned writers have generally agreed with him in the opinion.
488 THE— THK
T.\ G •. A.-. 0.-. T.\ U.\ The Grand Architect of the Unl verse. A very common abbreviation of the name of God, used by masonic writers.
THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES. These are Faith, Hope, and Charity, which, as forming the principal rounds of the masonic ladder, constitute a part of the instruction of the Entered Ap prentice. Of these, Faith may be explained to be the first round, because faith in God is the first requisite qualification of a can- didate for masonry ; Hope is the second, because hope in immor- tality, is a necessary consequence of faith in a divine being ; and Charity is the third, because the mind that is elevated by such a faith, and the heart that is warmed by such a hope, cannot fail to be stimulated by that universal love of the human race, which is but another name for Charity.
Again. Charity is the highest round, because Charity is the greatest of these virtues. Our faith may be lost in sight; " faith is the evidence of things not seen j" he that believes only on the evidence of his senses, believes from demonstration, and not from faith, and faith in him is dead. Hope ends in fruition j we hope only for that which we desire, but do not possess; and the attain- ment of the object is the termination of our hope. But Charity extends beyond the grave, through the boundless realms of eter- nity; for there, even there, the mercy of God, the richest of all charities, throws a veil over our transgressions, and extends to the repentant sinner the boon of that forgiveness which divine justice must have denied.
THIRTY-THIRD DEGREE. See Supreme Council.
THREE. One of the sacred numbers of Freemasonry. Three was considered among all the Pagan nations as the chief of the mystical numbers, because, as Aristotle remarks, it con- tains within itself a beginning, a middle, and an end. Hence we find it designating some of the attributes of almost all the
THR 4S9
cods. The thunder bolt of Jove was three-forked; the sceptre of Neptune was a trident; Cerberus, the dog of Pluto, was three- headed ; there were three Fates and three Furies ; the sun had three names, Apollo, So", and Liber; and the moon three also, Diana, Luna, and Hecate. In all incantations, three was a favourite number, and hence, the poet says, numero Deus imparl yaudet. A triple cord was used, each cord of three different colours, white, red, and black, and a small image of the subject of the charm was carried thrice around the altar, as we see in Virgil's eighth ecolosme :
" Terna tibi hsecprimum triplici diversa colore Licia circumclo, terque hsec altaria circuru Effigiem duco."
The Druids paid no less respect to this sacred number. Throughout their whole system, a reference is constantly made to its influence; and so far did their veneration for it extend, that even their sacred poetry was composed in triads.
In all the mysteries, from Egypt to Scandinavia, we find a sacred regard for the number three. In the rites of Mithras, the Empyrean was said to be supported by three intelligences, Or- nmzd, Mithra, and Mithras. In the rites of Hindostan, there was the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. It was, in short, a general character of the mysteries to have three principal offi- cers and three grades of initiation.
In Freemasonry, the number three is the most important and universal in its application of all the mystic numbers. Thus we find it pervading the whole ritual. There are three degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry — three principal officers of a lodge — three supports — three ornaments — three greater and three lesser lights — three movable and three immovable jewels — three principal tenets — three rounds of Jacob's ladder — three working tools of a Fellow-Craft — three principal orders of architec- ture— three important human senses — three ancient Grand Mas- ters— three recreant F.\ C.'. ; — and indeed so many instances ol
490 THR— TIL
the consecration of the number that it would exceed the limits of this volume to record them.
THREE GLOBES, RITE OF THE GRAND LODGE OF
The lodge of " Three Globes" was established at Berlin in 17-MJ, and in 1765 was constituted as a Grand Lodge. It, for a long time, practised only the three primitive degrees of Ancient Craft Masonry; but afterwards adopted seven others, borrowed from France. The three ancient degrees are under the control of the Grand Lodge, but the seven higher ones are governed by an Internal Supreme Orient, whose members are, however, elected by the Grand Lodge. The rite of the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes is practised by one hundred and seventy-seven lodges in Germany.
THREE STEPS. The three steps on the Master's carpet are emblematic of the three stages of human life — -youth, manhood, and old*age? and allude to the three degrees which are respec- tively representations of these three stages.
THRESHING-FLOOR. The threshing-floor of Araunah, or Oman the Jebusite, was on Mount Moriah. It was purchased by David for a place of sacrifice, for six hundred shekels of gold, and on it the temple was afterwards built. See Oman the Jebu- site.
THUMMIN. See TJrim and Thummim.
TILER. An oflicer in a symbolic lodge, whose duty it is to guard the lodge against the intrusion of the profane. As in operative masonry, the tiler, when the edifice is erected, finishes and covers it with the roof, so in speculative Masonry, when the lodge is duly organized, the Tiler closes the door and covers the sacred precincts from all intrusion. The Tiler is not necessarily a member of the lodge, but should always be a worthy Mason
TIT— TRA 491
and skilful in the craft He generally receives a moderate com- pensation for his services.
TITO. Tito Prince Haroclim was one of the especial favourites of King Solomon. He presided over the lodge of Intendants of the Building, and was one of the twelve Illustrious Knights who were set "over the twelve tribes, that of Napthali being placed under his care.
TOKEN. This word, in Hebrew, mN, oth, is frequently used in Scripture to signify a sign or memorial of something past, some covenant made or promise given. Thus Grod says to Noah, of the rainbow " it shall be for a token of a covenant be- tween me and the earth *" and to Abraham, he says of circum- cision, " it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you." In masonry, the grip of recognition is called a token, because it is an outward sign of the covenant of friendship and fellowship entered into between the members of the fraternity, and is to be considered as a memorial of that covenant which was made, when it was first received by the candidate, between him and the order into which he was then initiated.
TRACING-BOARD. A painting representing the emblems peculiar to a degree, arranged for the convenience of the lec- turer. Each degree of symbolic masonry has its tracing-board, which are distinguished as tracing-boards the first, second, and third. It is, therefore, the same as the flooring or carpet.
TRADITIONS. The legends or traditions of Freemasonry
constitute a very considerable and important part of its ritual.
In many instances these traditions have been corrupted by
anachronisms and other errors, which have naturally crept into
them during; a Ions; series of oral transmission. No one, there- CD o
fore, can for a moment contend that all the legends and tradi- tions of the order are, to the very letter, historical facts. Ail
492 . TRA
that can be claimed fur them is, that in some there is a great deal of truthful narrative, more or less overlaid with fiction; in others, simply a mere substratum of history; and in others, no- thing more than an idea, to which the legend or myth is indebted for its existence, and of which it is, as a symbol, the exponent. The intelligent Mason will always, however, be able, after a little consideration, to separate the substratum of truth from the superstructure of fiction which has been imposed upon it. And then, what is presented as a tradition will often be found to be a mere myth or allegory, whose symbolic teaching is of great beauty and importance. It is a part of the science of Freema- sonry to elaborate out of these traditions the truth, s}7mbolic or historical, which they are intended to convey, and to distinguish a tradition founded in fact from one which is based upon a myth, so as to assign to the annals and the poetry of the order their respective portions.
TRANSIENT BRETHREN. Transient brethren, when they visit a lodge, are to be cordially welcomed and properly clothed. But on no occasion are they admitted until, after the proper pre- cautions, they have proved themselves to be " true and trusty." See Visit, Right of.
TRANSIENT CANDIDATE. A transient candidate is one not living in the place where he applies for admission. If well recommended by two or more members of the lodge, a ballot may take place on the same night that he applies ; whereas, in the case of a permanent resident, the letter must be referred to a committee, and lie over for at least a month.
TRAVELLING FREEMASONS. There is no portion of our annals so worthy of investigation as that which is embraced by the middle ages of Christendom, when the whole of Europe was perambulated by our brethren in associations of travelling artisans, under the name of " Free and Accepted Masons," for
TRA 493
the purpose of erecting religious edifices. There is not a coun- try of Europe which does not at this day contain honourable evidences of the skill and industry of our masonic ancestors. I therefore propose, in the present article, to give a brief sketch of the origin, the progress and the character of these travelling architects.
Clavel, in his " Histoire Pittoresque de la Franc-Maconnerie," has traced the organization of these associations to the " collegia artificum," or colleges of artisans,* which were instituted at Rome by Numa, in the year B. C. 714, and whose members were originally Greeks, imported by this lawgiver for the purpose of embellishing the city over which he reigned.
These associations existed in Rome in the time of the empe- rors. They were endowed with certain privileges peculiar to themselves, such as a government by their own statutes, the power of making contracts as a corporation, and an immunity from taxation. Their meetings were held in private, like the esoteric schools of the philosophers. Their presiding officers were called " magistri." They were divided into three classes, corresponding with the three degrees of Freemasonry, and they admitted into their ranks, as honorary members, persons who were not, by profession, operative masons. Finally, they used a symbolic language drawn from the implements of masonry, and they were in possession of a secret mode of recognition.
In time, the " collegia artificum" became the repository of all the rites which were brought to Rome from foreign countries, and thus we may suppose the Hebrew mysteries, or Temple Ma- sonry, to have been introduced into that country. This supposi tion may derive some support from the factj that in the time of Julius Csesar the Jews were first permitted to open their syna- gogues and worship the God of their fathers, without restraint, at Rome, — a toleration for which they were probably indebted tc their fraternization with the members of the colleges of artificers ;
* See Roman Colleges, in this work. 4>
494 TRA
and in the reign of Augustus, many of the Roman knights em- braced Judaism, and publicly observed the Sabbath.
These " sodalitates," or fraternities, began upon the invasion of the barbarians to decline in numbers, in respectability, and in power. But on the conversion of the whole empire, they or others of a similar character began again to flourish. The priests of the Christian church became their patrons, and under their guidance they devoted themselves to the building of churches and monasteries. In the tenth century, they were established as a free guild or corporation in Lombardy. The most celebrated of these corporations in Italy was that of Como, and the name of " Magistri Comacini," or Masters of Como, became at length, says Muratori, the generic name for all these associations of architects.
From Lombardy, which they soon filled with religious edifices, they passed beyond the Alps, into all the countries where Chris- tianity, but recently established, required the erection of churches. The popes encouraged their designs, and more than one bull was despatched, conferring on them privileges of the most exten- sive character. A monopoly was granted to them for the erec- tion of all religious edifices ; they were declared independent of the sovereigns in whose dominions they might be temporarily re- siding, and subject only to their own private laws; they were permitted to regulate the amount of their wages ; were exempted from all kinds of taxation; and no Mason, not belonging to their association, was permitted to compete with or oppose them in the pursuit of employment. And in one of the papal decrees on the subject of these artisans, the supreme pontiff declares that these regulations have been made " after the example of Hiram, King of Tyre, when he sent artisans to King Solomon for the purpose of building the Temple of Jerusalem."
After filling the continent with cathedrals, parochial churches, and monasteries, and increasing their own numbers by accessions of new members from all the countries in which they had been labouring, they passed over into England, and there introduced
TRA 495
their peculiar style of building. Thence they travelled to Scot- land, and there have rendered their existence ever memorable by establishing, in the parish of Kilwinning, where they were erect- ing an abbey, the germ of Scottish Freemasonry, which has regu- larly descended through the Grand Lodge of Scotland to the present day.
The government of these fraternities, wherever they might be tor the time located, was very regular and uniform. When about to commence the erection of a religious edifice, they first built huts, or, as they were termed, lodges in the vicinity, in which they resided for the sake of economy as well as conveni- ence. It is from these that the present name of our places of meeting is derived. Over every ten men was placed a warden, who paid them wages, and took care that there should be no needless expenditure of materials, and no careless loss of imple- ments. Over the whole, a surveyor or master, called in their old documents, " magister," presided, and directed the general labour.
The Abbe Grandidier, in a letter at the end of the Marquis Luchet's " Essai sur les Illumines/' has quoted from the ancient register of the Masons at Strasburg, the regulations of the asso ciation which built the splendid cathedral of that city. I have not been successful in my efforts to obtain a sight of the original work, but the elaborate treatise of Clavel furnishes us with the most prominent details of all that Grandidier has preserved. The Cathedral of Strasburg was commenced in the year 1277, under the direction of Hervin de Steinbach. The Masons who, under his directions, were engaged in the construction of this noblest specimen of the Gothic style of architecture, were divided into the separate ranks of Masters, Craftsmen, and Apprentices The place where they assembled was called a " hutte," a German word equivalent to our English term, lodge. They employed the implements of masonry as emblems, and wore them as insig- nia. They had certain signs and words of recognition, and re- ceived their new members with peculiar and secret ceremonies,
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admitting into their ranks many eminent persons who were not operative Masons by profession.*
The fraternity of Strasburg became celebrated throughout Germany; their superiority was acknowledged by the kindred associations, and they in time received the appellation of the " haupt hutte," or Grand Lodge, and exercised supremacy over the hutten of Suabia, Hesse, Bavaria, Franconia, Saxony, Thu- ringia, and the countries bordering on the river Moselle. The Masters of these several lodges assembled at Ratisbon in 1459,
* The correspondent of the Boston Atlas gave, in 1847, the following details of the Cathedral at Cologne, another labour of the Travelling Freemasons of the Middle Ages :
"There stood the huge mass, a proud monument to Gerhard, Master of the Cologne Lodge of Freemasons, and resisting, as it does, the attacks of nature and the labour of man, a symbol of that mystic brotherhood which, to use the words of Lafayette, ' owes a double lustre to those who have cherished, and to those who have persecuted it.' * * * * * * * *
"During the interval between 124S and 1323, there were not only fifty Masters, and three times as many Fellow- Craft, daily employed, but a large number of Entered Apprentices, from all parts of Christendom, Avho had come to study both the operative and speculative branches of the art, and carried home with them the principles which directed the erection of almost every Gothic monument of the age ; others, which prepared the way for the light of
the Reformation :
'They dreamt not of a perishable home, Who could thus build.'
"After the secession of the Freemasons from the church, the works were sus- pended, leaving only the choir, with its side aisles, completed. Saxatilo creep- ers covered the other foundations, and after remaining untouched, except by the iron hand of Time, for nearly five centuries> it could but remind one of a 'broken promise to God.' In 1829, the attention of the King of Prussia was directed to it, and the work' recommenced with such skill, that an association was formed in 1842 for the purpose of continuing it vigorously. * * * * The original plans, which were taken from the lodge by the French in 1794, have been recovered, and are strictly adhered to by the architect, M. Zmerner, who has even adopted the ancient and accepted division of the workmen. The first class receives 57 cents per diem, the second, 48 cents, and the third, 41 cents, those in the two latter receiving promotion when their industry and ability merit it."
TEA -497
and on the 25th of April contracted an act of union, declaring the chief of the Strasburg Cathedral the only and perpetual Grand Master of the General Fraternity of Freemasons of Germany.
Similar institutions existed in France and in Switzerland. In the latter country the Grand Lodge was established criginally at Berne, about the middle of the fifteenth century, during the construction of the cathedral at that place, but in 1502 it was transferred to Zurich.
The details of the proceedings of the travelling Freemasons in England are more familiar, as well as more interesting, to us. They entered that kingdom at an early period. We have already seen that their organization in Italy, as a free guild, took place early in the tenth century ; and we know, from undoubted docu- ments, that Prince Edwin assembled the English Masons at York in 926, when the first English Grand Lodge was consti- tuted. It is from this general assembly of our ancestors at York, that all the existing constitutions of our English and American lodges derive their authority. From that period the fraternity, with various intermissions, continued to pursue their labours, and constructed many edifices which still remain as monuments of their skill as workmen, and their taste as archi- tects. Kings, in many instances, became their patrons, and their labours were superintended by powerful noblemen and emi- nent prelates, who, for this purpose, were admitted as members of the fraternity. Many of the old charges, for the better government of their lodges, have been preserved, and are still to be found in our books of Constitutions, every line of which indi- cates that they were originally drawn up for associations strictly and exclusively operative in their character.
In glancing over the history of this singular oody of archi- tect^, we are struck with several important peculiarities.
In the first place, they were strictly ecclesiastical in their con. stitution. The Pope, the supreme Pontiff of the Church, was their patron and protector. They were supported and encouraged
42*
498 TRA
by bishops and abbots, and hence their chief employment appear." to have been in the construction of religious edifices. Like their ancestors, who were engaged in the erection of the magnificent Temple of Jerusalem, they devoted themselves to labour for the " House of the Lord." Masonry was then, as it had been be fore, and has ever been since, intimately connected with religion.
They were originally all operatives. But the artisans of that period were not educated men, and they were compelled to seek among the clergy, the only men of learning, for those whose wisdom might contrive, and whose cultivated taste might adorn, the plans which they by their practical skill were to carry into effect. Hence the germ of that speculative masonry, which once dividing the character of the fraternity with the operative, now completely occupies it, to the entire exclusion of the latter.
But, lastly, from the circumstance of their union and concert, arose a uniformity of design in all the public buildings of that period — a uniformity so remarkable as to find its explanation only in the fact, that their construction was committed through- out the whole of Europe, if not always to the same individuals, at least to members of the same association. The remarks of Mr. Hope on this subject, in his "History of Architecture," (p. 239,) are well worthy of perusal. " The architects of all the sacred edifices of the Latin church, wherever such arose, — north, south, east, or west, — thus derived their science from the same central school ; obeyed in their designs the same hierarchy ; were directed in their constructions by the same principles of propriety and taste ; kept up with each other, in the most distant parts to which they might be sent, the most constant correspondence ; and rendered every minute improvement, the property of the whole body and a new conquest of the art. The result of this unanimity was, that at each successive period of the monastic dynasty, on whatever point a new church or new monastery might be erected, it resembled all those raised at the same period in every other place, however distant from it, as if both had been built in the same place by the same artist. For instance, we
TRA 499
tincl, at particular epochs, churches as far distant from each other as the north of Scotland and the south of Italy, to be minutely similar in all the essential characteristics."
In conclusion, we may remark, with some pride as their de- scendants, that the world is indebted to this association for the introduction of the Gothic, or, as it has lately been denominated, the pointed style of architecture. This style — so different from the Greek or Roman orders — whose pointed arches and minute tracery distinguish the solemn temples of the olden time, and whose ruins arrest the attention and claim the admiration of the spectator, has been universally acknowledged to be the invention of the travelling Freemasons of the Middle Ages.
TRAVELLING WARRANTS. These are Warrants of Con- stitution granted to lodges, empowering the members to remove their lodge at pleasure, and to open it and transact lodge busi- ness in any part of the world in which they may be stationed. Such Warrants are granted generally to lodges in the army. In 1779, the Massachusetts Grand Lodge granted a warrant to Gen. Patterson and others, to hold a travelling lodge in the American army, to be called " Washington Lodge." In 1756, R. W. Richard Gridley was authorized " to congregate all Free and iVc- cepted Masons, in the expedition against Crown Point, and form them into one or more lodges." In 1738, St. John's Grand Lodge, at Boston, granted a travelling warrant to a lodge to be holden in His Majesty's 28th regiment, then stationed at Louis- burg.* Lodges of this character are still very common in the British army.j-
In the London Review, 1834, two interesting anecdotes are recorded of lodge No. 227, attached to the 46th regiment of the
* Moore's Magazine, vol. i, p. 15.
f During the late war between the United States and Mexico, travelling warrants were granted to some of the regiments of volunteers in the American army.
500 TRE— TRT
British army, and working under a travelling warrant from tn« Grand Lodge of Ireland. During the Revolution, "the masonic chest of the 46th, by the chance of war, fell into the hands of the Americans : the captors reported the circumstance to Gen. Washington, who embraced the opportunity of testifying his ad- miration of masonry in the most marked and gratifying manner, by directing that a guard of honour, under the command of a distinguished officer, should take charge of the chest, with many articles of value belonging to the 46th, and returned them to the regiment. In 1805, the chest was captured again in Dominica, by the French, who carried it on board their fleet without kuow- ing its contents. Three years .afterward, the chest, at the re- quest of the officers who had commanded the expedition, was returned by the French government with several complimentary presents."
TREASURER. The fourth officer of a symbolic lodge, whose duty it is to receive all money from the hands of the Secretary, or otherwise, and pay it out again by the order of the Worship- ful Master, and with the consent of the lodge. He is a respon- sible officer, and is generally required to give security for the faithful performance of his duties.
TRESTLE-BOARD. A trestle-board, from the French tre* teau, is a board placed on a wooden frame of three legs. Ma- sonically, it means the board on which the master workman lays his designs to direct the craft in their labours. In speculative Freemasonry, it is symbolical of the books of nature and revela- tion, in which the Supreme Architect of the Universe has de- veloped his will, for the guidance and direction of his creatures, in the great labour of their lives, the erection of a temple of holiness in the heart.
TRIANGLE, DOUBLE. The double triangle is described
by some writers as identical with the pentalpha of Pythagoras,
TRI 501
or pentangle of Solomon. This, however, is not the case. The pentalpha has five lines and five angles, and the double triangle has six lines and six angles. The former, was among the Pytha- goreans, an emblem of health, and among Masons it is the outline or origin of the five- pointed star, the emblem of fellowship ; the latter is the Seal of Solomon, or Shield of David. In Christian churches it is a symbol of the twofold nature of Christ.
TRIANGLE, EQUILATERAL. This, as the most perfect of figures, was adopted by all the ancient nations as a symbol of the Deity. It still retains that allusion as an emblem of Free- masonry. Among the Hebrews, a jod in the centre of an equi- lateral triangle, was one of the emblems of Jehovah. In the system of Pythagoras, the obligation was administered to the candidate on the Tetractys, which was expressed by ten jods arrayed in the form of a triangle, which, with them, was the symbol of Deity, as embracing in himself the three stages of time, past, present, and future; he was, he is, and he shall be. Among the Hebrews, a jod in the centre of a triangle was one of the modes of expressing the incommunicable name of Jeho- vah, and was supposed, by some authors, to refer to the triune God. This allusion to Deity it still preserves in the masonic ritual.
TRIANGLE, TRIPLE. This is another of the numerous forms in which the triangle is arranged, and like all the others, it is used as a symbol of Deity, though perhaps it is here made to assume a still more sacred character from its triple form. As such, it has been adopted as the most appropriate jewel of the Illustrious Prelate in a Commandery of Knights Templars.
502 TRI
TRIPLE TAIL The Tau Cross, or Cross of St Anthony, is a cross in the form of a Greek T. The triple tau is a figure formed by three of these crosses meeting in a point, and there- fore resembling a letter T resting on the traverse beam of an EL This emblem is not adopted in American Freemasonry, but placed in the centre of a triangle and circle — both emblems of the Deity; it constitutes the jewel of the Royal Arch as practised in England, where it is so highly esteemed as to be called the " emblem of all emblems/7 and "the grand emblem of Royal Arch Masonry." The original signification of this emblem has been variously explained. Some suppose it to include the initials of the Temple of Jerusalem, T. H., Tcmplum Hierosoli/mse ; others, that is a symbol of the mystical union of the Father and Son, H signifying Jehovah, and T, or the cross, the Son. A writer in Moore's Magazine ingeniously supposes it to be a repre- sentation of three T squares, and that it alludes to the three jewels of the three ancient Grand Masters. It has also been said that it is the monogram of Hiram of Tyre, and others assert that it is only a modification of the Hebrew letter shin, ty, which was one of the Jewish abbreviations of the sacred name. Oliver thinks, from its connection with the circle and triangle in the Royal Arch jewel, that it was intended to typify the sacred name as the author of eternal life. The English Royal Arch lectures say that "by its intersection it forms a given number of angles that may be taken in five several combinations; and, reduced, their amount in right angles will be found equal to the five Platonic bodies which represent the four elements and the sphere of the Universe." Amid so many speculations, I need not hesitate to offer one of my own. I have already stated under the article Tau Cross, that the Prophet Ezekiel speaks of the tau or tau cross as the mark distinguishing those who were to be saved, on account of their sorrow for their sins, from those who, as idolaters, were to be slain. It was a mark or sign of favourable distinc- tion, and with this allusion we may, therefore, suppose the triple tau to be used in the Royal Arch degree as a mark designating
TRO 503
and separating those who know and worship the true name of God, from those who are ignorant of that august mystery.
TROWEL. An implement of operative masonry, which has been adapted by speculative Masons as the peculiar working tool of the Master's degree. By this implement, and its use in ope- rative masonry to spread the cement which binds all the parts of the building into one common mass, we are taught to spread the cement of affection and kindness, which unites all the members of the masonic family, wheresoever dispersed over the globe, into one companionship of Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth.
This implement is also very appropriately devoted to the Mas- ter's degree, because, as Master Masons only, do we constitute the recognised members of the great brotherhood of masonry. The Entered Apprentice and Fellow-Craft are not considered as members of the masonic family.
Again is this implement considered the appropriate working- tool of a Master Mason, because, in operative masonry, while the Apprentice is engaged in preparing the rude materials, which require only the guage and gavel to give them their proper shape, the Fellow-Craft places them in their proper position by means of the plumb, level, and square ; but the Master Mason alone, having examined their correctness, and proved them true and trusty, secures them permanently in their place by spreading, with the trowel, the cement that irrevocably binds them together.
The trowel has also been adopted as the jewel of the Select Master. But its uses in this degree are not symbolical. They are simply connected with the historical legend of the degree.
TROWEL AND SWORD. In the degree of Knights of the East we are told that at the building of the second temple, Zerubbabel ordered the workmen to carry a sword in one hand and a trowel in the other, so that while they worked with one hand they might be enabled to defend themselves with the nth t from the attacks of their envious neighbors, the Samaritans. To
504 TRO— TUB
commemorate the valour of these worthy craftsmen, the sword and trowel en saltire have been place upon the English Royal Arch Tracing-board. In the American ritual this expressive symbol of valour and piety has been omitted.
TROWEL, COMPANY OF THE. A society composed of learned and eminent persons, instituted at Florence in 1512. Its emblems were the trowel, the gavel and the square, and its patron was St. Andrew. Clavel thinks the institution was deri- ved from the society of Travelling Freemasons, and was organ- ized by persons of quality, who had been admitted as honorary members of that operative association.
TRUE MASONS, ORDER OF THE. A branch of the Hermetic rite of Pernetti, under the name of the order of True Masons, was established at Montpelier, in 1778, by Boileau, who subsequently introduced the Philosophic Scotch rite. It consisted of six degrees. 1, the True Mason; 2, the True Ma- son in the right way ; 3, Knight of the Golden Key ; 4, Knight of the Rainbow; 5, Knight of the Argonauts; 6, Knight of Golden Fleece.
TRUTH. Truth is one of the three principal tenets of our order, Brotherly Love and Relief being the other two. To be " true and trusty" is one of the first lessons in which the aspirant is instructed. All other things are mortal and transitory, but truth alone is immutable and eternal ; it is the attribute of Him in whom there is no variableness nor shadow of changing.
TUBAL CAIN. The son of Lamech; the first who wrought in iron and brass He was the inventor of edge-tools, and in- troduced many arts into society which tended towards its improve- ment and civilization. Tubal Cain is the Yulcan of the pagans, and is thought to have been closely connected with Ancient Free- masonry. Fabei says that " all the most remarkable ancient
TUS— TWE 505
buildings of Greece, Egypt and Asia Minor, were ascribed tc Cabirean or Cyclopean Masons/' the descendants of Vulcan, Dhu Balcan, the god Balcan, or Tubal Cain. Oliver says "in after times Tubal Cain, under the name of Vulcan and his Cyclops, figured as workers in metals and inventors of the mysteries ; and hence it is probable that he was the hierophant of a similar institu- tion in his day, copied from the previous system of Seth, and ap- plied to the improvement of schemes more adapted to thejphysical pursuits of the race to which he belonged."* For these reasons Tubal Cain has been consecrated, among masons of the pre- sent day, as an ancient brother. His introduction ■ of the arts of civilization having given the first value to property, Tubal Cain has been considered among masons as a symbol of worldly dons.
TUSCAN ORDER. One of the five orders of architecture, and of comparatively modern date, having been invented by the Italians. It so much resembles the Doric, that it has been con- sidered by most writers as merely a variety of that order. Its want of antiquity causes it to be held in but little esteem among Freemasons.
TWELVE ILLUSTRIOUS KNIGHTS. See Sublime
Knight Elected.
TWELVE GRAND POINTS OF MASONRY. The old
English lectures contain the following passage : " There are in Freemasonry twelve original points, which form the basis of the system, and comprehend the whole ceremony of initiation. With- out the existence of these points, no man ever was or can be legally and essentially received into the order. Every person who is made a mason must go through all these twelve forms and cere- monies, not only in the first degree, but in every subsequent one."
Oliver, Landmarks, ii. p\ 213. 43
506 TWE
Important as our ancient brethren deemed the explanation of these points, the Grand Lodge of England thought proper, in 1813, to strike them from its ritual, and as they never were introduced into this country, a synopsis of them may not be uninteresting or unacceptable.
These twelve points refer the twelve parts of the ceremony of initiation to the twelve tribes of Israel, in the following manner :
1. To Reuben was referred the opening of the lodge, because he was the first-born of his father.
2. To Simeon was referred the preparation of the candidate, because he prepared the instruments of destruction for the slaughter of the Shechemites.
3. To Levi was referred the report, because he gave a sig- nal or report to his brothers when they assailed the men of Shechen.
4. To Judah was referred the entrance, of the candidate, be- cause this tribe first entered the promised land.
5. To Zebulun was referred the prayer, because the prayer and blessing of his father was conferred on him in preference to his brother, Issachar.
6. To Issachar was referred the circumambulation, because, as an indolent and thriftless tribe, they required a leader to advance them to an equal elevation with the other tribes.
7. To Dan was referred the ceremony of advancing to the altar, as a contrast with the rapid advance of that tribe to idolatry.
8. To Gad was referred the obligation, because of the vow of Jephtha, a member of that tribe.
9. To Asher was referred the time when the candidate was intrusted, because Asher, by the fertile soil of its district, was represented by fatness and royal dainties, which were compared to the riches of masonic wisdom which the candidate then re- ceived.
10. To Naphthali was referred the investment, when the can- didate, having received his apron, was declared free, because the
TWE --TYR 507
tribe of Naphthali had a peculiar freedom attached to them in conformity with the blessing pronounced by Moses.
11. To Joseph was referred the north-east corner, because, as this reminds us of the most superficial part of masonry, so the two half tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, of which the tribe of Joseph was composed, were accounted more superficial than the rest, inasmuch us they were only the grandsons of the patriarch Jacob.
12. To Benjamin was referred the closing of the lodge, because he was the last son of Jacob.
These points, as I have already observed, are now obsolete, but they afford instruction, and will be found worthy of at- tention.
TWENTY-FOUR INCH GUAGE. An instrument made use of in operative masonry, for the purpose of measuring and laying out work, and which, in speculative masonry, constitutes one of the working tools of the Entered Apprentice. The twenty-four inches which are marked upon its surface, are em- blematical of the twenty-four hours of the day, which, being di- vided into three parts, instruct the mason to give eight hours to labour, eight hours to the service of God and a worthy, distressed brother, and eight to refreshment and sleep. William of Malms bury tells us, that this method of dividing the day is the same that was adopted by King Alfred. Why the twenty-four inch guage has been adopted as the working tool of an Entered Ap- prentice, may be seen by a reference to the word Implements.
TYLER. An obsolete spelling. See Tiler.
TYRE. A city of Phenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean gea, ninty-three miles north of Jerusalem. It is distinguished in masonic history for the part taken by Hiram, its king, in supply- ing workmen and materials for the building of the Temple. Thi? magnificent place, once the richest a*nd most powerful of the cities*
508 UNA— UNI
of the coast, has long since been demolished, and on a part of its ruins the insignificant village of Sur has been founded by the Metoualies.
U.
UNANIMITY. Unanimity in the choice of candidates is con- sidered so essential to the welfare of the fraternity, that the old regulations of the Grand Lodge of England, have expressly pro- vided for its preservation in the following words :
"But no man can be entered a brother in any particular lodge, or admitted a member thereof, without the unanimous consent of all the members of the lodge then present, when the candidate is proposed, and when their consent is formally asked by the Mas- ter. They are to give their consent it their own prudent way, either virtually or in form, but with unanimity. Nor is this in- herent privilege subject to a dispensation ; because the member of a particular lodge are the best judges of it ; and because, if a turbulent member should be imposed upon them, it might spoil their harmony, or hinder the freedom of their communication, or even break and disperse the lodges, which ought to be avoided by all true and faithful."* See Ballot.
UNFAVOURABLE REPORT. The unfavourable report of a committee on the application of a candidate is equivalent to a rejection, and precludes the necessity of a ballot. For the reason, see Election.
UNIVERSI TERRARUM ORBIS ARCHITECTONIC PER GLORIAM INGENTIS. By the Glory of the Grand
* Revised Regulations, anno 1767.
UPR— URI 509
Architect of the Un iver,se. — This is the caption to all balustres or documents emanating from a Sovereign Inspector or Supreme Council of the 33d degree of the Ancient Scotch, rite.
UPRIGHT POSTURE. To man alone, of all the inhabi- tants of the earth, has his Creator given an upright and erect posture, to elevate his mind by the continual sight of the heavenly host, and by the noble thoughts that his natural attitude inspires, to draw him from the grovelling cares of earth, to a contempla- tion of the divine sources from whence he sprang. In the hu- man race this erect stature is the foundation of their dominion and superiority over all the rest of the animal world.*
" Thus while the mute creation downward bend Their sight, and to their earthly mother tend, Man looks aloft, and with eternal eyes Beholds his own hereditary skies. "f
The man who has planted his feet upon the immutable square of morality, and whose body is erect in the proud consciousness of virtue, is, indeed, worthy of the dominion which has been given him over the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air. And the mason, remembering that " God hath made man up- right," J should constantly endeavour to preserve that upright posture of his body and his mind.
URIM AND THUMMIM. Two Hebrew words, DH1N and 0*On> Aurim and Thummim, signifying, as they have been translated in the Sepfcuagint, " Light and Truth. "§ They were sacred lots worn in the breast-plate of the High Priest, and to be consulted by him alone for the purpose of obtaining a revelation
* Turner, Sac. His. World. I. lett. 21, p. 420. f Pronaque cum spectent animalia caetera terram
Os homini sublime dedit : coelumque tueri
Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus.
Ovid. Met. B. i. 84.
J Ecclesiastes, vii. 29. $ 6fi\cxriT
4.3*
510 URN
of the will of God in matters of great moment. What they were, authors on Jewish antiquities have not been able to agree. Some suppose, that the augury consisted in a more splendid ap- pearance of certain letters of the names of the tribes inscribed upon the stones of the breast-plate ; others, that it was received by voice from two small images which were placed beyond the folds of the breast-plate. A variety of other conjectures have been hazarded, but as Godwyn observes, "he spoke best, who ingeni- ously confessed that he knew not whatUrim and Thummim was."*
But the researches of Egyptian Archaeologists have thrown much light upon this intricate subject, and relieved it of many of its difficulties. It is now known that the Egyptian judges wore breast-plates having inscribed on them two figures, the one of the Sun Ra, in a double sense, that of physical and intellec- tual light, and the other, that of the goddess Thme in her two- fold capacity of truth and justice.
Now in Hebrew the double capacity of any thing is expressed by the plural form of the noun. But the Egyptian Ra, the sun or light, is in Hebrew Aur and Thine, truth is Thme. Aur, in the plural, is Aurim. Thme, in the plural, is Thmim Now it seems to me, and I have the high authority of the Egyptian archaeologists with me, that the Aurim and Thummim of the Hebrew breast-plate were borrowed from the breast-plates of the Egyptian judges. Moses, we know, was versed in all the learn- ing of the Egyptians, and these very breast-plates had already been consecrated in the eyes of the Jews by their seeing them worn as tokens of official dignity by the ministers of justice, who were also High Priests in that Egypt which had formerly been the land of their task-masters.
URN. The urn has been adopted as a memorial of death ; because formerly it was the custom, instead of burying corpses, to burn them upon a funeral pyre, and deposit the ashes in an
* Moses nn
VEI 511
urn. This custom was sometimes adopted by the Jews, as in the case of Saul, whose body was burnt by the men of Jabesh, though their usual method was that of inhumation.
VEILS. The veils of the tabernacle were of four colours, blue, purple, scarlet, and white or fine linen.' These colours have been adopted as the symbolic colours of masonry. White is the emblem of innocence, and is found in the gloves and apron; blue is the emblem of universal friendship, and is appro- priated to the symbolic degrees ; scarlet is the emblem of zeal and fervency, and is appropriated to the Royal Arch ; purple, which is the union of blue and scarlet, is thence the emblem of unity and concord, and has been adopted as the colour of the in- termediate degrees between the symbolic and the Royal Arch. The Jews, according to Josephus, gave to these veils an astro- nomical signification, and supposed them to represent the four elements. Fine white linen was a symbol of the earth, because it was made out of flax, a production of the earth : the blue, as the colour of the sky, was a symbol of the air ; the purple, of the sea, because it derived its colour from the murex, a shell-nVh that inhabits the sea; and the scarlet was the natural symbol of fire.*
VEILS, MASTERS OF THE. Three officers of a Royal Arch Chapter, who, being armed with a sword, and bearing a banner of the appropriate colour, are stationed at the blue, pur- ple, and scarlet veils. The white veil is guarded by the Royal Arch Captain.
* Josephus, Antiq. Judaic, lib. iii. c. 7.
512 VER— VIS
VERGER. An officer in a Council of Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, corresponding to the Senior Deacon in a symbolic lodge.
VISITATION. The official visit of the Grand Master and his officers to a subordinate lodge, for the purpose of inspecting its books and mode of work, is called a visitation. On this oc- casion, the lodge should be opened in the Master's degree; the Grand Officers should be received with all the honours of ma- sonry, and the seats of the officers of the lodge should be sur- rendered to the corresponding Grand Officers. This last is done as an acknowledgment of the authority from which the lodge de- rives its Warrant of Constitution.
The Grand Master and the Deputy Grand Master are entitled, in all their visits to subordinate lodges, to certain 'privileges, which are thus laid down in the English Constitutions :
" The Grand Master has full authority to preside in any lodge, and to order any of his Grand Officers to attend him ; his Deputy is to be placed on his right hand, and the Master of the lodge on his left hand. His Wardens are also to act as Wardens of that particular lodge during his presence." P. 30.
" The Deputy Grand Master has full authority, unless the Grand Master, or Pro-Grand Master, be present, to preside in every lodge which he may visit, with the Master of the lodge on his right hand. The Grand Wardens, if present, are to act a? Wardens." P. 33.
But this power of presiding, in an informal visit, does not seem to have been extended to the Grand Wardens ; though, of course, if the visit be official, and the Grand and Deputy Grand Masters be absent, the Senior Grand Warden will preside as De- puty Grand Master, and the Master of the lodge will, in that case, sit on the right.
VISIT, RIGHT OF. Every mason who is a working bro- ther, that is to say, who is a subscribing member of a lodge, nas
VIS 513
a right to visit any other lodge as often "6 it may suit his conve- nience or his pleasure.*
This right is guaranteed to every mason by the most ancient regulations. In the " Ancient Charges at the Constitution of a Lodge/' contained in a MS. of the Lodge of Antiquity in Lon- don, it is directed, " That every mason receive and cherish strange fellowes when they come over the countrie, and sett them on worke, if they will worke, as the manner is ; that is to say, if the mason have any mould stone in his place, he shall give him a mould stone, and sett him on worke ; and if he have none, the mason shall refresh him with money unto the next lodge."
This regulation is explicit. It not only infers the right of visit, but it declares that the strange brother shall be welcomed. It lefers, however, only to the case of "strange fellowes," whom we now denominate transient brethren. But in the case of bre- thren who reside in the place where the lodge is situated, to which they demand admittance, other and subsequent regulations have been created. In this case it seems to be necessary that the visiting brother shall be a member of some other lodge. This doctrine is expressed in the following sections of the Consti- tution of the Grand Lodge of England : " A brother, who is not a subscribing member to some lodge, shall not be permitted to visit any one lodge in the town or place where he resides, more than once during his secession from the craft." P. 89.
A non-subscribing brother is permitted to visit each lodge once, because it is supposed that this visit is made for the pur- pose of enabling him to make a selection of the one in which he may prefer working. But afterwards he is excluded, in order to discountenance those brethren who wish to continue members of the order, and to partake of its benefits, without contributing to its support.
* I shall not enter upon the question that has been mooted by Brother Moore, [Freemason's Mag. vol. iii. 225,] whether this is an inherent right. It will be sufficient, as seen above, that the right is secured by the oldest regula- tions.
514 VOT
Another regulation on this subject is, that no visitor can be admitted into a lodge, unless he is personally vouched for by a brother present, or has submitted to a due examination.
A fourth regulation, and one that has lately given occasion v> considerable discussion, is, that a strange brother shall furnish the lodge he desires to visit with a certificate of his good stand- ing in the order. The regulation requiring certificates has been said by some to be an innovation. That it is not so, but, on the contrary, was in force at an early period, will appear from the following extract, from the " Regulations made in General As- sembly, Dec. 27, 1663," under the Grand Mastership of the Earl of St. Albans : " 3. That no person hereafter who shall be accepted a Freemason, shall be admitted into any lodge or assem- bly, until he has brought a certificate of the time and place of his acceptation, from the lodge that accepted him, unto the Master of that limit or division where such a lodge is kept." This regulation has since been reiterated on several occasions; by the Grand Lodge of England in 1772, and at subsequent periods by several of the Grand Lodges of this and other countries.
The right of visit is, therefore, regulated by the following principles : Transient brethren may visit lodges, provided they prove themselves qualified by a voucher or by examination, and by the possession of a certificate ; and resident brethren after the first visit, only while they are contributing members to the order.
VOTING. Voting in lodges viva voce is an innovation. The ancient method was by holding up one of the hancte. In the regulations of the Grand Lodge of England, revised in 1767, it is said, " The opinions or votes of the members are always to be signified by each holding up one of his hands ; which uplifted hands the Grand Wardens are to count, unless the number of hands be so unequal as to render the counting useless. Nor should any other kind of division be ever admitted on such
VOU— WAG 515
VOUCHING-. To vouch is to bear witness; vouching for a orother is, therefore, bearing witness that he is a true and trusty mason. And no one can, of course, give this testimony of a stranger's character, unless he has personally satisfied himself of his qualifications.
A candidate's letter must be signed by two brethren, one of whom vouches for his possessing the necessary qualifications, moral, mental, and physical, and is, hence, called the voucher ; and the other, upon this vouching, recommends him to the lodge ; and no candidate, unless thus properly vouched for, can be suffered to enter upon the ceremonies of initiation.
W.
WAGES. There are various masonic traditions respecting the wages paid to the workmen at the building of the temple. The whole is stated to have been equal to six hundred and seventy-two millions of dollars, but the authorities differ as to the proportion in which it was distributed. Of course, the higher the degree, the higher must have been the amount of wages. A Master must have received more than a Fellow-Craft.
There was an old tradition among the English masons, that the men were paid in their lodges by shekels — a silver coin of about the value of fifty cents — and that the amount was regu- lated by the square of the number of the degree that the work- man had attained. Thus, the Entered Apprentice received one shekel per day ; the Fellow-Craft, who had advanced to the second degree, received the square of 2, or 2x2=4 shekels; and the Markman, or third degree, received the square of 3, or 3X^=9 skekels; whilst the ninth degree, or Super-Excellent Mason, received the square of 9, or 9x9=81 shekels.
516 WAR
According to this tradition, the pay-roll would be as follows •
An Entered Apprentice received 1 shekel or .
. $00 50 cts
A Fellow-Craft,
4
u
2 50
A Mark Man,
9
it
4 50
A Mark Master,
» 16
u
8 00
A Master Mason,
" 25
it
L2 50
An Architect,
" 36
tc
18 00
A Grand Architect,
" 49
it
24 50
An Excellent Mason,
" 64
a
32 00
A Super-Excellent Mason, 81
a
40 50
But this calculation seems to have been only a fanciful specu^ lation of some of our ancient brethren.
The traditions preserved among us relate only to the pay of the Fellow-Crafts, and carry with them a much greater air of probability.
According to these, such of the Fellow-Crafts as worked in the quarries, and had been made the possessors of a mark, received their wages in specie, at the rate of a half shekel a day, and were paid on the sixth day of the week, at the office of the Senior Grand Warden of their lodge. But all the other Fellow-Crafts received theirs in the middle chamber, and were paid in corn, wine, and oil, according to the stipulation of King Solomon with Hiram, King of Tyre : " And, behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, twenty thou- sand measures of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil." 2 Chron. ii. 10,
WARDENS. Two officers in a symbolic lodge, whose duty it is to assist the Worshipful Master in the government of the craft. The first of these officers is called the Senior, and the second the Junior, Warden.
Senior Warden. The duties of a Senior Warden are highly
WAR 517
important He is, under the Master, to superintend the craft during labour, and, in his absence, to preside over the lodge. With the Worshipful Master and the Junior Warden, he repre- sents the lodge in the Grand Lodge. The Senior Warden has the privilege of appointing the Junior Deacon; and to him, when the Master is otherwise engaged, are all reports to be made by that officer. His jewel is a level — an emblem of the equality and harmony which should exist among Masons in the lodge while at work. Before the Senior Warden is placed, and he carries in all processions, a column, which is a representation of the right-hand pillar that stood at the porch of King Solomon's Temple.
In case of the death, removal from the State, or expulsion of the Master, the Senior Warden presides over the lodge for the remainder of his term of office. During the temporary absence the Master, the Senior Warden will, sometimes, through courtesy, resign the chair to a former Past Master ; yet, in this case, the latter officer derives his authority from the Warden, and cannot act until this officer has congregated the lodge. The same thing is applicable to the Junior Warden, in case of the absence both of the Master and the Senior Warden. This rule arises from the fact that the Warrant of Constitution is granted to the Master, Wardens, and their successors in office, and not to the members of the lodge. A lodge, therefore, cannot be legally congregated without the presence of at least one of these officers, or a Past Master.
Junior Warden. The Junior Warden presides over the craft during refreshment, and in the absence of the Worshipful Mas- ter and Senior Warden, he performs the duties of presiding officer. The jewel of the Junior Warden is a plumb, emble- matic of the rectitude of conduct which should distinguish the brethren, when, during the hours of refreshment, they are be- yond the precincts of the lodge. His seat is in the S.- , and he represents the Pillar of Beauty. He has placed before him, and carries in procession, a column, which is the representative of
44
518 WAR
the left-hand pillar which stood at the porch of Solomon's Temple.*
One other regulation in relation to these officers, requires to be mentioned. When the lodge, by death or otherwise, is de- prived of the services of any of the other officers, an election may be immediately held, under the dispensation of the Grand Master, to supply the vacancy. But no election can be had to supply the place ad interim, of either the Master or Wardens, while one of the three remains. If two of them, as, for example, the Master and Senior Warden, have died or been deposed, the Junior War- den must occupy the chair during the remainder of the term, and appoints his Wardens pro tempore at each communication, until the regular constitutional night of election. It is only in the case where the whole three have died, or otherwise left the lodge, that a dispensation can be granted for an election to supply their place. Because, by the regulation granting to them only the Warrant of Constitution, without, at least, one of them to preside, and to assume the authority delegated by the Warrant of Constitution, the lodge is virtually extinct.
The situation of the three superior officers in the lodge differs somewhat in the different rites. In the French rite, they are placed in the east, in a triangular form; in the Scotch rite, the Wardens are in the west; in the York rite their respective situ- ations are well known.
The Senior and Junior Wardens are also officers in a Comman- dery of Knights Templars, whose duties are, in some respects, similar to those of the Senior Deacon in a symbolic lodge.
WARDENS, GRAND. The Grand Wardens, who are the
* The two columns which, in the York rite, are small, and placed upon the pedestals of the two Wardens, are much better represented in Che French rite. There, two large pillars of bronze, ornamented with net-work, lily-work, and pomegranates, are placed on each side of the entrance of the lodge, ir the west, and at their bases are placed two triangular tables, at which the Wardens are seated.
WAK 519
assistants of the Grand Master in the government of the Giand Lodge, must be Past Masters of skill and good report. In the absence of the Grand and Deputy Grand Master, the Senior Grand Warden takes the chair, and in his absence, the Junior. And, in case of the death of the Grand Master, the same order of precedence is to be observed, until a new Grand Master is elected.
In visitations, when the Grand Master and his Deputy are absent, the Senior or Junior Grand Warden may preside, but in this case he acts only as a Deputy, aud must be received with the honours due to his rank, the Master of the lodge sitting on his right hand.
When a Grand Warden attends in the procession of a private lodge, he takes place immediately after the Master of the lodge, and two Deacons, with black rods, are to attend him, but the Book of Constitutions is not borne before him : this can only be carried in a procession where the Grand Master or his Deputy is present.
WARDER. An officer in a Commandery of Knights Tem- plars, whose duties are similar in general to those of the Junior Deacon of a symbolic lodge.
WARRANT OF CONSTITUTION. No assemblage of Ma- sons can be legally congregated for work, as a lodge, except under the authority of a Warrant of Constitution, granted by some Grand Lodge. This regulation has been in existence ever since the pre- sent organization of Grand Lodges, though formerly, a sufficient number of brethren meeting together within a certain district, with the consent of the civil authorities of the place, were empo- wered to make Masons, and to practice the rites of Freemasonry; and this privilege was inherent in them as individuals : it was, however, on the organization of the order in its present form, re- signed into the hands of the Grand Lodges.
The Warran* of Constitution is granted to the Master and
520 WEL— WES
Wardens, and to their successors in office ; it continues in force only during the pleasure of the Grand Lodge, and may, therefore, at any time be revoked, and the lodge dissolved by a vote of that body. This will, however, never be done, unless the lodge has violated the ancient landmarks, or failed to pay due respect and obedience to the Grand Lodge.
When a Warrant of Constitution is revoked, or recalled, the jewels, furniture, and funds of the lodge revert to the Grand Lodge.
Lastly, as a lodge holds its communications only under the authority of this Warrant of Constitution, no lodge can be opened, or proceed to business, unless it be present. If it be mislaid or destroyed, it must be recovered, or another obtained ; and until that is done, the communications of the lodge must be suspended; and if the Warrant of Constitution be taken out of the room, dur- ing the session of the lodge, the authority of the Master instantly ceases.
It is called a " Warrant of Constitution," because it is the in- trument which authorizes or warrants the persons therein named to open and constitute a lodge.
WELCOME. It is the duty of every lodge to welcome and clothe every worthy and well-qualified brother who visits it. That is, to receive him with the honours due to his rank, and to furnish him, if necessary, with the proper investiture. And a particular officer, the Senior Deacon, is directed to see that this duty is performed.
WEST. In the early ages of the world, the wisdom of men was concentrated in the easternmost parts of the earth ; and the nations which had disseminated themselves along the shores of the Mediterranean, to the west of the plains of Shinar, were obliged to return towards the East in search of the knowledge of their forefathers. The West was then a place of darkness, and he who sought light was obliged to leave it and travel to the East. In
WHI— WIS 521
astronomy, there is the same peculiarity in relation to .he course of light. The earth revolves upon its axis from west to east But the sun rises in the latter point, and while the eastern hemi- sphere is enjoying the light of day, the western parts of the globe are enveloped in darkness j until, by the diurnal revolution of the earth, they are brought towards the East, and placed within the influence of the enlightening rays of the solar orb. Masons do not forget these facts in history and science ; and they know that he who, being in the darkness of the West, would seek true light, must travel to the East.
"WHITE. One of the emblematic colours of masonry, which is preserved in the apron and gloves, with which the initiate is in- vested. It is a symbol of innocence and purity. The white in- vestiture, as may be seen throughout this work, was a part of the ceremonies of all the ancient mysteries.
WIDOW'S SOX. One of the most illustrious personages in masonic history is so called, because he is described in Scripture as having been " the son of a widow of the tribe of Napthali."
WINDING STAIRS. These constitute an important part of the esoteric instruction of masonry. We are told in 1 Kings vi. 8, that "they went up with winding stairs into the middle cham- ber." Masonic tradition tells that there were fifteen steps, di- vided into unequal courses. The English Masons formerly said that there were twenty-seven, divided into one, three, five, se- ven, and eleven, but they have now abandoned the eleven of the last course, and leave but sixteen. The one they reier to the unity of God.
WISDOM. One of the three principal supports of mason- ry. It is represented by the Ionic column, and the W.\ M.\ j because, the Ionic column wisely combines the strength without
44*
522 WOM
the massiveness of the Doric ; with the grace, without the exu- berance of ornament of the Corinthian ; and because it is the duty of the W.\ M.\ to superintend, instruct, and enlighten the craft by his superior wisdom. Solomon, King of Israel, is also considered as the column of wisdom that supported the temple.
WOMx\N. The objection so often made by the fair sex, that they are most ungallantly refused an entrance into our order, and a knowledge of our secrets, is best answered by a reference to the originally operative character of our institution. That woman is not admitted to a participation in our rites and cere- monies, is most true. But it is not because we deem her unworthy or unfaithful, or deny her the mind to understand, or the heart to appreciate our principles ; but simply because, in the very or- ganization of masonry, man alone can fulfil the duties it incul- cates, or perform the labours it enjoins. Free and speculative ma- sonry is but an application of the art of operative masonry to mo- ral and intellectual purposes. Our ancestors worked at the con- struction of the Temple of Jerusalem ; while we are engaged in the erection of a more immortal edifice — the temple of the mind. They employed their implements for merely mechanical purposes; we use them symbolically, with more exalted designs.
Thus, in all our emblems, our language, and our rites, there is a beautiful exemplification and application of the rules of ope- rative masonry, as it was exercised at the building of the temple. And as King Solomon employed in the construction of that edi- fice, only hale and hearty men, and cunning workmen, so our lodges, in imitation of that great exemplar, demand as the in- dispensable requisite to admission, that the candidate shall be free- born, of lawful age, and in the possession of all his limbs and members, that he may be capable of performing such work as the Master shall assign to him.
Hence, it must be apparent that the admission of women into our order would be attended with a singular anomaly. As they worked nut at the temple, neither can they work with us. But
WOR— XER 523
we love and cherish them not the less. One of the holiest of our mystic rites inculcates a reverence for the widow, and pity for the widow's son. The wife, the mother, the sister, and the daughter of the Mason, exercise a peculiar claim upon each Ma- son's heart and affections. And while we know that woman's smile, like the mild beams of an April sun, reflects a brighter splendour on the light of prosperity, and warms with grateful glow the chilliness of adversity, we regret, not the less deeply, because unavailingly, that no ray of that sun can illume the recesses of our lodge, and call our weary workmen from their labours to refreshment.
WORK. See Labour.
WORKING TOOLS. See Implements.
WORSHIPFUL. The title given to a symbolic lodge, and to its presiding officer, the Master. Past Masters, after leaving the chair, still retain the title of Worshipful. In the French rite, the lodge is called "Respectable," and the Master "le Vene- rable." See Master of a Lodge, for the duties of this officer.
X.
XEROPHAGISTS. Pope Clement XII. having issued a Bull forbidding the practice of Freemasonry, the Masons of Italy, who continued to meet, for the purpose of avoiding the penalties of the Bull, called themselves Xerophagists. The word means literally dry live rs, persons who do not drink, and they adopted the title, because they introduced something like the principle of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks into the institution.
524 YEA— YOR
YEAR OF LIGHT. Anno Lucis. The date used by sym- bolic Masons, as being the era of the creation, when Light was called into existence by the fiat of the Almighty, and when the true principles which distinguish our order first received their birth. Masons do not now adopt this era, because they any longer believe that Freemasonry, as it now appears, is to be dattd from the creation; but simply, because the great moral and reli- gious system, which masonry has preserved amid ages of dark- ness, is coeval with the hour when the Supreme Will called light and life into existence.
YORK. A city in the north of England, memorable for being the place where Freemasonry was officially re-established in that kingdom, and the first Grand Lodge formed in 926, by Prince Edwin, the brother of King Athelstane, from whom he purchased a free charter for that purpose.*
YORK RITE. The Ancient York rite is that oldest of all the rites of Masonry which is practised by the Grand Lodge of England, and derives its name from the city of York where the first General Assembly or Grand Lodge was held, in the year 920, and where the rite is said to have been established.
It consists, as defined by the Union Grand Lodge of England in 1813, of the three degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft, and M;ster Mason, including the Holy Royal x\rch. The rite practised in the United States is very improperly called the York rite, from which it differs by the superposition of several degrees. See An erlcan Bite.
The York rite is the mother of all the other rites, which are but developments of its simple system.
* See this work, p. 168.
ZED— ZIN 525
Z
ZEDEKIAH. The last King of Judah, before the captivity of Babylon, in whose reign the Temple was destroyed by Nebu- chadnezzar. The eyes of Zedekiah were put out, and being loaded with chains of brass, he was carried a captive to Babylon, where he afterwards died.
ZENITH. That point of the heavens situated immediately over the head of the spectator, and which the sun reaches at meridian. The Supreme Councils of the 33d degree of the An- cient Scotch rite, do not date their documents as other Masons do, from the Orient, but from the Zenith.
ZEREDATHA. A town of Judea, 35 miles north of Jeru- salem, in the clay ground near which, Hiram Abif cast the sacred vessels of the Temple. See Clay Grounds.
ZERUBBABEL. The grandson, though called by Ezra, the son, of Salathiel, who was the son of Jeconiah, King of Judah He was, therefore, of the royal race of David. He was born at Babylon, as the Hebrew signification of his name imports, and returned to Jerusalem in the beginning of the reign of Cyrus, with the sacred vessels of the Temple, which Cyrus had com- mitted to his care, as the chief of the Jews who were in captivity at Babylon. He laid the foundations of the second Temple, and restored the worship of the Lord and the usual sacrifices. He is represented by the second officer in the Royal Arch degree. The incidents of Zerubbabel's life are also referred to in several other degrees, such as Knight of the Red Cross, Knight of the East, and Prince of Jerusalem.
ZINNENDORF, RITE OF. Count Zinnendorf, chief physi- cian of the Emperor Charles VI., invented a new rite, which was
52(3 ZIN
*
i,
a modification of the Illuminism of Avignon, adding to the mys- teries of Swedenborg, of which this latter rite was principally composed, several things taken from the Scotch, German, and Swedish degrees, as well as from Templar Masonry. His system consisted of seven degrees, divided into three sections, as fol- lows : —