IV. both Charles and Lods.

344 MAGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE chap.
the earth") and aeromancy {aeroskopia). Through this revelation of mysteries which should have been kept hid we are told that men "know all the secrets of the angels, and all the violence of the Satans, and all their occult power, and all the power of those who practice sorcery, and the power of witchcraft, and the power of those who make molten images for the whole earth." ^ The revelation included, moreover, not only magic arts, witchcraft, divination, and astrology, but also natural sciences, such as botany and pharmacy — which, however, are apparently regarded as closely akin to magic — and useful arts such as mining metals, manufacturing armor and weapons, and "writing with ink and paper" — "and thereby many sinned from eternity to eternity and until this day." ^ As the preceding remark in- dicates, the author is decidedly of the opinion that men were not created to the end that they should write with pen and ink. "For man was created exactly like the angels to the intent that he should continue righteous and pure, . . . but through this their knowledge men are perishing." ^ Perhaps the writer means to censure writing as magical and thinks of it only as mystic signs and characters. Magic is always regarded as evil in the Enoch literature, and witch- craft, enchantments, and "devilish magic" are given a promi- nent place in a list in the Slavonic version ^ of evil deeds done upon earth.
In connection with the fallen angels we find the stars regarded as capable of sin as well as personified. In the Ethiopic version there is more than one mention of seven stars that transgressed the command of God and are bound against the day of judgment or for the space of ten thou- sand years. ^ One passage tells how "judgment was held first over the stars, and they were judged and found guilty, and went to the place of condemnation, and they were cast into an abyss." ^ A similar identification of the stars with the fallen angels is found in one of the visions of Saint
"■Book of Enoch, LXV, 6. * Secrets of Enoch, X.
'Ibid., LXV, 7-8; LXIX, 6-9. ^ Book of Enoch, XVIII, XXL
*Ibid., LXIX, lo-ii. "Ibid., XC, 24.
xiii THE BOOK OF ENOCH 345
Hildegard in the twelfth century. She writes, "I saw a great star most splendid and beautiful, and with it an ex- ceeding multitude of falling sparks which with the star followed southward. And they examined Him upon His throne almost as something hostile, and turning from Him, they sought rather the north. And suddenly they were all annihilated, being turned into black coals . . . and cast into the abyss that I could see them no more." ^ She then in- terprets the vision as signifying the fall of the angels.
An idea which we shall find a number of times in other Effect of ancient and medieval writers appears also in the Book of nature. Enoch. It is that human sin upsets the world of nature, and in this particular case, even the period of the moon and the orbits of the stars." Hildegard again roughly parallels the Enoch literature by holding that the original harmony of the four elements upon this earth was changed into a confused and disorderly mixture after the fall of man.^
The natural world, although intimately associated with Celestial the spiritual world and hardly distinguished from it in the phenomena Enoch literature, receives considerable attention, and much of the discussion in both the Ethiopic and Slavonic versions is of a scientific rather than ethical or apocalyptic character. One section of the Ethiopic version is described by Charles * as the Book of Celestial Physics and upholds a calendar based upon the lunar year. The Slavonic version, on the other hand, while mentioning the lunar year of 354 days and the solar year of 365 and ^ days, seems to prefer the latter, since the years of Enoch's life are given as 365, and he writes 366 books concerning what he has seen in his visions and voyages.^ The Book of Enoch supposes a plurality of heavens.*' In the Slavonic version Enoch is
* Singer's translation. Studies " See Morfill-Charles, pp. xxxiv- in the History and Method of xxxv, for mention of three and Science, Vol. I, p. 53, of Scivias, seven heavens in the apocryphal III, I, in Migne, PL, 197, 565. See Testaments of the Twelve Patri- also the Koran XV, 18. archs, "written about or before
^ Charles, p. 32 and cap. LXXX. the beginning of the Christian
* Singer, 25-26. era," and for "the probability of *Pp. 187-219. an Old Testament belief in the ^Secrets of Enoch, I and XXX. plurality of the heavens." For the
346
MAGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE chap.
Mountains
and
metals.
taken through the seven heavens, or ten heavens in one manu- script, with the signs of the zodiac in the eighth and ninth. An account is also given of the creation, and the waters above the firmament, which were to give the early Christian apolo- gists and medieval clerical scientists so much difficulty, are described as follows : "And thus I made firm the waters, that is, the depths, and I surrounded the waters with light, and I created seven circles, and I fashioned them like crystal, moist and dry, that is to say, like glass and ice, and as for the waters and also the other elements I showed each of them their paths, (viz.) to the seven stars, each of them in their heaven, how they should go." ^ The order of the seven planets in their circles is given as follows: in the first and highest circle the star Kruno, then Aphrodite or Venus, Ares (Mars), the sun, Zeus (Jupiter), Hermes (Mercury), and the moon.^ God also tells Enoch that the duration of the world will be for a week of years, that is, seven thousand, after which "let there be at the beginning of the eighth thousand a time when there is no computation and no end ; neither years nor months nor weeks nor days nor hours." ^ Turning from celestial physics to terrestrial phenomena, we may note a few allusions to minerals, vegetation, and -animals. "Seven mountains of magnificent stones" are more than once mentioned in the Ethiopic version and are described as each different from the other.* Another pas- sage speaks of "seven mountains full of choice nard and aromatic trees and cinnamon and pepper." ° But whether
seven heavens in the apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah see Charles' edition of that virork (igoo), xlix. ^Secrets of Enoch, XXVII. Charles prefaces this passage by the remark, "I do not pretend to understand what follows" : but it seems clear that the waters above the firmament are referred to from what the author goes on to say, "And thus I made firm the circles of the heavens, and caused the waters below which are under the heavens to be gathered into one place." It would also seem that
each of the seven planets is rep- resented as moving in a sphere of crystal. In the Ethiopic version, LIV, 8, we are told that the water above the heavens is masculine, and that the water beneath the earth is feminine ; also LX, 7-8, that Leviathan is female and Behemoth male.
'Secrets of Enoch, XXX.
^ Ibid., 45-46, see also the Ethi- opic Book of Enoch, XCIII, for "seven weeks."
*Book of Enoch, XVIII, XXIV.
''Ibid., XXXII.
XIII THE BOOK OF ENOCH 347
these groups of seven mountains are to be astrologically related to the seven planets is not definitely stated. We are also left in doubt whether the following passage may have some astrological or even alchemical significance, or whether it is merely a figurative prophecy like that in the Book of Daniel concerning the image seen by Nebuchadnezzar in his dream. "There mine eyes saw all the hidden things of heaven that shall be, an iron mountain, and one of copper, and one of silver, and one of gold, and one of soft metal, and one of lead." ^ At any rate Enoch has come very near to listing the seven metals usually associated with the seven planets. In another passage we are informed that while silver and "soft metal" come from the earth, lead and tin are produced by a fountain in which an eminent angel stands.^
As for animals we are informed that Behemoth is male Strange and Leviathan female.^ When Enoch went to the ends of the earth he saw there great beasts and birds who differed in appearance, beauty, and voice.* In the Slavonic version we hear a good deal of phoenixes and chalky dri, who seem to be flying dragons. These creatures are described as "strange in appearance with the feet and tails of lions and the heads of crocodiles. Their appearance was of a purple color like the rainbow; their size, nine hundred measures. Their wings were like those of angels, each with twelve, and they attend the chariot of the sun, and go with him, bringing heat and dew as they are ordered by God." ^
"■Book of Enoch, LII, 2. * Ibid., XXXIII.
^Ibid., LXV, 7-8. "Secrets of Enoch, XII, XV,
'Ibid., LX, 7. XIX.